Investigating the Relationship Between Eye Movement and Brain Wave Activity Using Video Games: Pilot Study (Preprint)

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.2196/preprints.8908 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Chaoguang Wang ◽

Gino Yu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Video Game ◽

Spectral Power ◽

Brain Wave ◽

Gamma Frequency ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Beta Power ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND All eye movements are related in one way or another to our mental processes with lateral eye movements being associated with the different hemispheres of the brain. Eye movement techniques form the basis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, wherein forced eye movements activate neurological pathways to treat the subject. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between players' eye movements and their brain wave activities using a video game. METHODS We used similar eye movement techniques in the form of a video game called Lifeguard that could potentially stimulate different eye movement mode and create a more engaging experience for the user. By designing an experiment, we further explored the differences in electroencephalogram spectral power activity for the alpha, beta, theta, delta, and gamma frequency bands in Lifeguard and Tetris. RESULTS The game based on eye movement technologies resulted in decreased delta power and increased beta power, but significant difference between 2 games was not found. CONCLUSIONS The applied uses of this research could mean that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can be conducted in a more fun and engaging way through the use of gaming technology.

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Field Independence, Lateralization and Defensive Style

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1979.49.1.195 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Howard Shevrin ◽

Irving A. Smokler ◽

Evelyn Wolf

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Hemispheric Lateralization ◽

Field Independence ◽

Preferred Direction ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Hemispheric Activation ◽

The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.

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Field-Dependence-Independence and Lateral Eye Movements following Verbal and Spatial Questions

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.44.3c.1229 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1229-1230 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Howard Ehrlichman

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Field Dependence ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Field Dependent ◽

The Relationship

In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant ( r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement.

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Tracking eye movements when solving geometry problems with handwriting devices

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.7.1.2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

John J. H. Lin ◽

Sunny S. J. Lin

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Dwell Time ◽

Problem Area ◽

Instructional Designers ◽

Perceived Difficulty ◽

Problem Solvers ◽

Similar Triangles ◽

The Relationship ◽

Sensitive Pressure

The present study investigated the following issues: (1) whether differences are evident in the eye movement measures of successful and unsuccessful problem-solvers; (2) what is the relationship between perceived difficulty and eye movement measures; and (3) whether eye movements in various AOIs differ when solving problems. Sixty-three 11th grade students solved five geometry problems about the properties of similar triangles. A digital drawing tablet and sensitive pressure pen were used to record the responses. The results indicated that unsuccessful solvers tended to have more fixation counts, run counts, and longer dwell time on the problem area, whereas successful solvers focused more on the calculation area. In addition, fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts in the diagram area were positively correlated with the perceived difficulty, suggesting that understanding similar triangles may require translation or mental rotation. We argue that three eye movement measures (i.e., fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts) are appropriate for use in examining problem solving given that they differentiate successful from unsuccessful solvers and correlate with perceived difficulty. Furthermore, the eye-tracking technique provides objective measures of students’ cognitive load for instructional designers.

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Biosignal-Based Attention Monitoring to Support Nuclear Operator Safety-Relevant Tasks

Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fncom.2020.596531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Jung Hwan Kim ◽

Chul Min Kim ◽

Eun-Soo Jung ◽

Man-Sung Yim

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Physical Work ◽

Support Vector ◽

Remote Measurement ◽

Nuclear Operator ◽

Human Errors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Operator Safety

In the main control room (MCR) of a nuclear power plant (NPP), the quality of an operator's performance can depend on their level of attention to the task. Insufficient operator attention accounted for more than 26% of the total causes of human errors and is the highest category for errors. It is therefore necessary to check whether operators are sufficiently attentive either as supervisors or peers during reactor operation. Recently, digital control technologies have been introduced to the operating environment of an NPP MCR. These upgrades are expected to enhance plant and operator performance. At the same time, because personal computers are used in the advanced MCR, the operators perform more cognitive works than physical work. However, operators may not consciously check fellow operators' attention in this environment indicating potentially higher importance of the role of operator attention. Therefore, remote measurement of an operator's attention in real time would be a useful tool, providing feedback to supervisors. The objective of this study is to investigate the development of quantitative indicators that can identify an operator's attention, to diagnose or detect a lack of operator attention thus preventing potential human errors in advanced MCRs. To establish a robust baseline of operator attention, this study used two of the widely used biosignals: electroencephalography (EEG) and eye movement. We designed an experiment to collect EEG and eye movements of the subjects who were monitoring and diagnosing nuclear operator safety-relevant tasks. There was a statistically significant difference between biosignals with and without appropriate attention. Furthermore, an average classification accuracy of about 90% was obtained by the k-nearest neighbors and support vector machine classifiers with a few EEG and eye movements features. Potential applications of EEG and eye movement measures in monitoring and diagnosis tasks in an NPP MCR are also discussed.

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Effects of Subject-to-Experimenter Distance and Instructions on Lateral Eye Movement

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.155 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 155-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John L. Jameson ◽

Todd B. Sellick

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Left Hemisphere ◽

Short Distance ◽

Emotional Arousal ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Main Effect ◽

Attention Demand

Lateral eye movements and heart rate were recorded as 32 right-handed men answered verbal and spatial questions. Experimenter-to-subject distance (.8 and 1.5 m) and attention demand of instructions were manipulated in a 2 × 2 design. A significant main effect for distance and an interaction of distance by instructions appeared on the direction of eye movements independent of type of question. The greatest number of leftward eye movements occurred ar the short distance with instructions demanding higher attention. These findings are consistent with evidence that emotional arousal produces greater right- than left-hemisphere activation.

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Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates

Clinical Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/2167702618757658 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 610-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sanne T. L. Houben ◽

Henry Otgaar ◽

Jeffrey Roelofs ◽

Harald Merckelbach

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

False Memories ◽

Misinformation Effect ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Car Crash

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a popular treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. However, little is known about the memory effects of EMDR. Using a misinformation paradigm, we examined whether lateral eye movements, as used in EMDR, enhance susceptibility to false memories. Undergraduates ( N = 82) saw a video depicting a car crash. Subsequently, participants either performed eye movements or held their eyes stationary. Afterward, all participants received misinformation in the form of an eyewitness narrative. The results indicate that eye movement participants were less accurate and were more susceptible to the misinformation effect than controls. Our finding suggests EMDR may have risky drawbacks in an eyewitness context and therefore urgently needs follow-up research.

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Lateral Eye Movements and Field-Dependence—Independence

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.45.3.767 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 767-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Curt Hoffman ◽

Spencer Kagan

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Field Dependence ◽

Block Design ◽

Brain Lateralization ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Reflective Thought ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Picture Completion ◽

Better Than

The relationship between field-dependence—independence and lateral eye movements was investigated for a sample of 41 male and 39 female right-handed undergraduates. Subjects were administered the Portable Rod-and-frame Test, the Embedded-figures Test, and the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Completion scales of the WAIS. Eye movements in response to 60 questions requiring reflective thought were recorded. Contrary to predictions, right-movers did not perform better than left-movers on the tests of field-dependence—independence. Among males, however, both consistent right- and left-movers performed significantly better than inconsistent movers. The correlation, for males, between lateral eye-movement consistency and a composite measure of field-dependence—independence was .65 ( p < .001). It was argued that eye-movement consistency and cognitive ability level are a joint function of extent of brain lateralization.

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Lateral Eye Movement Behavior in Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1980.50.3c.1023 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1023-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cecil R. Reynolds ◽

Alan S. Kaufman

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Lateral Eye

The lateral eye movement phenomenon, studied frequently in adults, was investigated for 52 children aged 2–8 to 9–11, using both spatial and verbal-analytic questions. The phenomenon was observed in 50 of the 52 children and appeared well established by age 3 1/2; about half of the children were classifiable as either right movers or left movers. Some interesting developmental findings were noted, including a few important discrepancies with the results of adult studies. In addition, type of question had no effect on the direction of a child's eye movements. The implications of these findings were discussed.

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