scholarly journals Tracking eye movements when solving geometry problems with handwriting devices

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. H. Lin ◽  
Sunny S. J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Problem Solvers ◽  
Similar Triangles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sensitive Pressure

The present study investigated the following issues: (1) whether differences are evident in the eye movement measures of successful and unsuccessful problem-solvers; (2) what is the relationship between perceived difficulty and eye movement measures; and (3) whether eye movements in various AOIs differ when solving problems. Sixty-three 11th grade students solved five geometry problems about the properties of similar triangles. A digital drawing tablet and sensitive pressure pen were used to record the responses. The results indicated that unsuccessful solvers tended to have more fixation counts, run counts, and longer dwell time on the problem area, whereas successful solvers focused more on the calculation area. In addition, fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts in the diagram area were positively correlated with the perceived difficulty, suggesting that understanding similar triangles may require translation or mental rotation. We argue that three eye movement measures (i.e., fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts) are appropriate for use in examining problem solving given that they differentiate successful from unsuccessful solvers and correlate with perceived difficulty. Furthermore, the eye-tracking technique provides objective measures of students’ cognitive load for instructional designers.

Effects of Experience and Short-Term Practice on Drivers' Eye Movements and Errors in Simulated Dangerous Situations

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Allen ◽  
Stephen R. Schroeder ◽  
Patricia G. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Training Film ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of an Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to: (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationship of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.

Modeling the Effects of Time pressure and Feedback on Eye movements and Learning Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 671-675
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kim ◽  
David A. Nembhard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Individualized Learning ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Relationship

Eye movement measurement is both non-invasive to the learner, and available at a cost that is steadily decreasing. There are currently several mainstream laptop computers on the market that ship with fully integrated eye-tracking. Eye movements will take on a role as inputs to predict individualized learning performance. In response to the increased usage of this tool, this study uses eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of time pressure and feedback on changes in eye movement by generating structural models. We tracked participants’ eye movement, and to relate this eye movement to human learning behaviors while participants were asked to complete online training for a Project Management task. The study measured participants’ eye-movements in response to the amount of time to deadlines and feedback updating the remaining time. Results showed that eye movement partially mediated the relationship between time to deadline and task completion time. The results of the study will be advantageous in predicting individualized learning performance based on eye movements.

Field Independence, Lateralization and Defensive Style

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Shevrin ◽  
Irving A. Smokler ◽  
Evelyn Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Hemispheric Activation ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.

A technical introduction to using speakers’ eye movements to study language

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenzi M. Griffin ◽  
Jordan C. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Movement Monitoring

Everything you wanted to know about eye movement monitoring but were afraid to ask: This is a primer for researchers new to the use of eye-tracking and particularly those with an interest in language production. It summarizes the early history of eye movement monitoring in language production research, briefly reviews the relationship between visual attention and eye movements, and details the practical concerns of collecting and analyzing gaze data. In particular, the paper discusses the features and functions of available eye-tracking software and hardware systems, as well as tools for automatically processing speech. We close with a review of dependent measures that have been derived from eye movement data as well as how they were used and interpreted.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE MUSCLES THAT DRIVE STOMATOPOD EYE MOVEMENTS

1994 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Jones
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
The Relationship

1. The peculiar structure of the stomatopod eye requires it to make complicated movements. These include slow 'scans', which relate to the animal's colour vision system, as well as faster 'saccades'. 2. The myology of the eyecup is investigated and shown to consist of eight individual muscles which are divided, on kinematic grounds, into six functional groups. 3. These groups form three pairs of dominant prime movers, with each having primary control over one of the eye movement axes (longitude, latitude and bearing). This is important as it allows each rotational axis to move independently of the other two. 4. Histochemical typing reveals at least four distinct classes of fibre within each muscle. 5. The relationship between the number of types of fibre and classes of eye movement is discussed, as are the implications of coordinate prime movers for neuromuscular control.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF PECULIARITIES OF EYE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE PROCESS OF FACE PERCEPTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
Galina Ya. Menshikova ◽  
Anna O. Pichugina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of face perception when using the technology of eye-tracking. In the scientific literature, two processes are distinguished - analytical (perception of individual facial features) and holistic (perception of a general configuration of facial features). It is assumed that each of the mechanisms can be specifically manifested in patterns of eye movements during face perception. However, there is disagreement among the authors concerning the eye movements patterns which reflect the dominance of the holistic or analytic processing. We hypothesized that the contradictions in the interpretation of eye movement indicators in the studies of face perception may be associated with the features of the eye-tracker data processing, namely, with the specifics of identifying areas of interest (eyes, nose, bridge of the nose, lips), as well as with individual strategies of eye movements. Objective. Revealing the features of eye movements analysis in the process of facial perception. Method. A method for studying analytical and holistic processing in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces using eye-tracking technology has been developed and tested. The eye-tracking data were analyzed for the entire sample using three types of processing, differing in the marking of the areas of interest (AOIs), and separately for two groups differing in eye movement strategies. The distinction of strategies was considered based on differences in the mean values of the fixation duration and the amplitude of saccades. Results. It was shown that: the presence of statistically significant differences of the dwell time in the AOIs between the condition of upright and inverted faces depended on the method of identifying these AOIs. It was shown that the distribution of the dwell time by zones is closely related to individual strategies of eye movements. Analysis of the data separately by groups showed significant differences in the distribution of the dwell time in the AOIs. Conclusion. When processing eye-tracking data obtained in the studies of face perception, it is necessary to consider individual strategies of eye movements, as well as the features associated with identifying AOIs. The absence of a single standard for identifying these areas can be the reason for inconsistency of the data about the holistic or analytical processing dominance. According to our data, the most effective for the analysis of holistic processing is a more detailed type of marking the AOIs, in which not only the main features (eyes, nose, mouth) are distinguished, but also the area of the nose bridge and nose.

Does visual scanpath reflect self-focused and other-focused attention, a maintenance factor of social anxiety?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomi Tomita ◽  
Minamide Ayumi ◽  
Hiroaki Kumano
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Visual Scanpath ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Social anxiety disorder has two critical attentional processes, self-focused attention (SFA) and other-focused attention (OFA). These biases are caused by two psychological aspects: Strategies known as positive metacognitive beliefs and negative metacognitive beliefs. A method in which the occurrence of OFA is predicted by eye movement has been proposed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between SFA and changes of eye movement. We investigated the relationship between the degree of SFA and OFA during speech and eye movements based on psychogenic correlation that psychological changes reflect eye movements in this study.<b></b></p><p></p>

scholarly journals Holistic Face Processing: the Eye Tracking Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
G.Ya. Menshikova ◽  
A.O. Pichugina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Analytic Processing ◽  
Areas Of Interest

In modern literature, the question of holistic and analytic processing of facial perception and facial expressions is actively debated. Various experimental paradigms have been developed for their study, one of which was based on the face inversion effect. In a number of works to study the role of eye movements in holistic and analytic processing, the procedure of presenting upright and inverted faces was followed by recording eye movements. The results were contradictory: some works revealed significant changes in the characteristics of eye movements in the inversion effect, but the others have not found the changes. The aim of our work was to study individual eye movement strategies in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces. The participants were 57 students. The results showed that a decrease in the role of holistic processing in the face inversion effect led to a significant change in fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, as well as to a change in the distribution of the dwell time on four areas of interest (eyes, nose, nose bridge and mouth). Two groups of participants with individual types of eye movement strategies (static and dynamic) were identified. Comparing eye movement strategies for upright and inverted faces showed that the dwell time distribution on areas of interest varied significantly depending on the group. These data showed the importance of incorporating the individual eye movement strategies when studying holistic and analytic face processing.

scholarly journals The Relationships between Perceived Design Intensity, Preference, Restorativeness and Eye Movements in Designed Urban Green Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10944
Author(s):  
Yu Wu ◽  
Zhixiong Zhuo ◽  
Qunyue Liu ◽  
Kunyong Yu ◽  
Qitang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Urban Green

Recent research has demonstrated that landscape design intensity impacts individuals’ landscape preferences, which may influence their eye movement. Due to the close relationship between restorativeness and landscape preference, we further explore the relationships between design intensity, preference, restorativeness and eye movements. Specifically, using manipulated images as stimuli for 200 students as participants, the effect of urban green space (UGS) design intensity on landscapes’ preference, restorativeness, and eye movement was examined. The results demonstrate that landscape design intensity could contribute to preference and restorativeness and that there is a significant positive relationship between design intensity and eye-tracking metrics, including dwell time percent, fixation percent, fixation count, and visited ranking. Additionally, preference was positively related to restorativeness, dwell time percent, fixation percent, and fixation count, and there is a significant positive relationship between restorativeness and fixation percent. We obtained the most feasible regression equations between design intensity and preference, restorativeness, and eye movement. These results provide a set of guidelines for improving UGS design to achieve its greatest restorative potential and shed new light on the use of eye-tracking technology in landscape perception studies.

Does visual scanpath reflect self-focused and other-focused attention, a maintenance factor of social anxiety?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomi Tomita ◽  
Minamide Ayumi ◽  
Hiroaki Kumano
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Visual Scanpath ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Social anxiety disorder has two critical attentional processes, self-focused attention (SFA) and other-focused attention (OFA). These biases are caused by two psychological aspects: Strategies known as positive metacognitive beliefs and negative metacognitive beliefs. A method in which the occurrence of OFA is predicted by eye movement has been proposed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between SFA and changes of eye movement. The relationship between the degree of SFA and OFA during speech and eye movements was investigated in this study, based on the psychosomatic relationship in which eye movements reflect psychological changes. </p><p></p>

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