A Method of Estimating Three-Dimensional Wind Velocity and Conversion Rate of Water Vapor Using Information on Echo from Three-Dimensionally Scanning Radar

The NH3 uniformity and conversion rate produced by the urea–water solution spray system is an essential factor affecting de-NOx efficiency. In this work, a three-dimensional simulation model was developed with the CFD software and was employed to investigate the effects of two typical injection methods (wall injection and center injection) and three distribution strategies (pre-mixer, post-mixer, pre-mixer, and post-mixer) of two typical mixers on the urea conversion rate and uniformity. The field synergy principle was employed to analyze the heat transfer of different mixer flow fields. The results show that the single mixer has instability in optimizing different injection positions due to different injection methods and injection positions. The dual-mixer is stable in the optimization of the flow field under different conditions. The conclusion of the field synergy theory of the single mixer accords with the simulation result. The Fc of the dual-mixer cases is low, but the NH3 conversion and uniformity index rate are also improved due to the increase in the residence time of UWS.

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The Role of Binary and Ion Nucleation of Sulfuric Acid and Water Vapor in the Dynamics of Sulfate Aerosol Formation in the Atmosphere

Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya ◽

10.52002/0130-2906-2021-1-53-60 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

A. E. Aloyan ◽

◽

A. N. Yermakov ◽

V. O. Arutyunyan ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ionization Rate ◽

Sulfate Aerosol ◽

Aerosol Formation ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Aerosol Composition ◽

Transport And Transformation

The results of one-dimensional calculations of the height profiles of nucleated sulfate aerosol particles for the northern mid-latitudes and tropics in winter are presented. Numerical calculations were performed using a three-dimensional model of the transport and transformation of multicompo- nent gas and aerosol substances in the atmosphere, incorporating photochemistry, nucleation involving neutral molecules and ions, as well as condensation/evaporation and coagulation. It is found that the resulting dynamics of the formation of aerosol particle nuclei is not a simple sum of ion and binary (water vapor/sulfuric acid) nucleation rates. This dynamics is determined by the ratio of critical radii of nucleated particles due to binary and ion nucleation of these substances (rcr_bin and rcr_ion) depending on temperature, relative humidity, and ionization rate. This should be taken into account in modeling the gas and aerosol composition of the atmosphere and comparing calculated and observed data.

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Investigation of the Flow Phenomenon Inside Gas Ejectors With Moist Gas Entrainment

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications ◽

10.1115/1.4034510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuping Wang ◽

Mark Pellerin ◽

Pravansu Mohanty ◽

Subrata Sengupta

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Phase Change ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Phase Distribution ◽

Light Attenuation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Second Phase ◽

Symmetric Model ◽

Design And Optimization

This paper focuses on the gas flow study of an ejector used in applications where moist gases are being entrained. Two parts of work are presented. In the first part, characteristics of gas flow inside an ejector, as well as the ejector's performance under various operating and geometric configurations, were studied with a three-dimensional computational model. Measurements were also performed for validation of the model. In the second part, focus was given to the potential condensation or desublimation phenomena that may occur inside an ejector when water vapor is included in the entrained stream. Experiments using light-attenuation method were performed to verify the presence of a second phase; then, the onset of phase change and the phase distribution were obtained numerically. A two-dimensional axis-symmetric model was developed based on the model used in the first part. User-defined functions were used to implement the phase-change criteria and particle prediction. A series of simulations were performed with various amounts of water vapor added into the entrained flow. It was found that both frost particles and water condensate could form inside the mixing tube depending on the operating conditions and water vapor concentrations. When the concentration exceeds 3% by mass, water vapor could condense throughout the mixing tube. Some preliminary results of the second phase particles formed, e.g., critical sizes and distributions, were also obtained to assist with the design and optimization of gas ejectors used in similar applications.

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Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation on Forecasts of a Leeward Slope Precipitation Event in the Western Margin of the Junggar Basin

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13183584 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 3584

Author(s):

Peng Liu ◽

Yi Yang ◽

Yu Xin ◽

Chenghai Wang

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Data Assimilation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Junggar Basin ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

Short Term ◽

Western Margin ◽

Precipitation Prediction ◽

Analysis Experiment ◽

Short Term Forecasting

A moderate precipitation event occurring in northern Xinjiang, a region with a continental climate with little rainfall, and in leeward slope areas influenced by topography is important but rarely studied. In this study, the performance of lightning data assimilation is evaluated in the short-term forecasting of a moderate precipitation event along the western margin of the Junggar Basin and eastern Jayer Mountain. Pseudo-water vapor observations driven by lightning data are assimilated in both single and cycling analysis experiments of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) system. Lightning data assimilation yields a larger increment in the relative humidity in the analysis field at the observed lightning locations, and the largest increment is obtained in the cycling analysis experiment. Due to the increase in water vapor content in the analysis field, more suitable thermal and dynamic conditions for moderate precipitation are obtained on the leeward slope, and the ice-phase and raindrop particle contents increase in the forecast field. Lightning data assimilation significantly improves the short-term leeward slope moderate precipitation prediction along the western margin of the Junggar Basin and provides the best forecast skill in cycling analysis experiments.

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND WIND PROFILES OBTAINED USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE BASED ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-283-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W13 ◽

pp. 283-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Finn ◽

K. Rogers ◽

J. Meade ◽

J. Skinner ◽

A. Zargarian

Keyword(s):

Wind Velocity ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽

Sound Speed ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Sound Fields ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Wind Profiles ◽

Virtual Temperature

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> An acoustic signature generated by an unmanned aerial vehicle is used in conjunction with tomography to remotely sense temperature and wind profiles within a volume of atmosphere up to an altitude of 120&thinsp;m and over an area of 300&thinsp;m&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;300&thinsp;m. Sound fields recorded onboard the aircraft and by an array of microphones on the ground are compared and converted to sound speed estimates for the ray paths intersecting the intervening medium. Tomographic inversion is then used to transform these sound speed values into three-dimensional profiles of virtual temperature and wind velocity, which enables the atmosphere to be visualised and monitored over time. The wind and temperature estimates obtained using this method are compared to independent measurements taken by a co-located mid-range ZephIR LIDAR and sensors onboard the aircraft. These comparisons show correspondences to better than 0.5&thinsp;&deg;C and 0.3&thinsp;m/s for temperature and wind velocity, respectively.</p>

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Why Scanning Instruments Are a Necessity for Constraining Temperature and Humidity Fields in the Lower Atmosphere

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology ◽

10.1175/jtech-d-14-00017.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2462-2481 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Themens ◽

Frédéric Fabry

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Microwave Radiometer ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Optimal Estimation ◽

Lower Atmosphere ◽

Temperature Fields ◽

Vertical Profiling ◽

Thermodynamic Variables ◽

Free Environment ◽

Measurement Strategies

AbstractThe ability of different ground-based measurement strategies for constraining thermodynamic variables in the troposphere, particularly at the mesoscale, is investigated. First, a preliminary assessment of the capability of pure-vertical sounders for constraining temperature and water vapor fields in clear-sky conditions to current accuracy requirements is presented. Using analyses over one month from the Rapid Refresh model as input to an optimal estimation technique, it is shown that the horizontal density of a network of nonexisting, ideal vertical profiling instruments must be greater than 30 km in order to achieve accuracies of 0.5 g kg−1 for water vapor and 0.5 K for temperature. Then, an assessment of a scanning microwave radiometer’s capability for retrieving water vapor and temperature fields in a cloud-free environment over two- and three-dimensional mesoscale domains is also presented. The information content of an elevation and azimuthal scanning microwave radiometer is assessed using the same optimal estimation framework. Even though, in any specific pointing direction, the scanning radiometer does not provide much information, it is capable of providing considerably more constraints on thermodynamic fields, particularly water vapor, than a near-perfect vertical sounder. These constraints on water vapor are largely located within 80 km of the radiometer and between 1000- and 7000-m altitude, while temperature constraints are limited to within 35 km of the instrument at altitudes between the ground and 1500 m. The findings suggest that measurements from scanning radiometers will be needed to properly constrain the temperature and especially moisture fields to accuracies needed for mesoscale forecasting.

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Green’s function–based surrogate model for windfields using limited samples

Wind Engineering ◽

10.1177/0309524x17736479 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 164-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joshua Paul Marshall ◽

Joseph David Richardson ◽

Carlos Jose Montalvo

Keyword(s):

Green’S Function ◽

Wind Velocity ◽

Green's Function ◽

Surrogate Model ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fast Method ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Wind Velocities ◽

Wind Measurements

There exists many applications for which wind-velocity is desired over a three-dimensional space. The vector field associated with these wind velocities is known as a “windfield” or “velocity-windfield.” The present work provides a fast method to characterize windfields. The approach uses the free-space Green’s function for potential theory as an inexpensive surrogate model in lieu of either complicated physics-based models or other types of surrogate models, both of which require volumetric discretizations for the three-dimensional case. Using the gradient of the third Green’s identity, the wind-velocity in the interior of a domain is entirely characterized by a surface discretization while still providing a three-dimensional model. The unknown densities on the surface are determined from enforcement of the interior form of the identity at arbitrary points coinciding with wind measurements taken by unmanned aerial vehicles. Numerical results support the feasibility of the method.

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