scholarly journals Synthesis of Dioxo-Dioxane and Dioxo-Dioxepane Ethyl Oleate Derivatives as Bio-Lubricant Base Stocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih ◽  
Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Value ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Commercial Lubricant

In this study, two novel compounds, i.e., ethyl 8-(3-octyl-5,6-dioxo-1,4-dioxan-2-yl)octanoate and ethyl 8-(3-octyl-5,7-dioxo-1,4-dioxepan-2-yl)octanoate were prepared from oleic acid as the starting material. Both compounds were obtained from the esterification of the ethyl 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate with dicarboxylic acids in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The chemical structures of the synthesized products were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and MS spectrometers. The bio-lubricant properties of the products, such as density, total acid number, total base number, and iodine value, were determined and the effect of the dioxane and dioxepane heterocyclic rings to their bio-lubricant properties was discussed. The esterification of ethyl 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate with oxalic acid gave ethyl 8-(3-octyl-5,6-dioxo-1,4-dioxan-2-yl)octanoate compound in 93.9% yield, while the esterification of ethyl 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate with malonic acid gave ethyl 8-(3-octyl-5,7-dioxo-1,4-dioxepan-2-yl)octanoate compound in 89.6% yield. The density and total base number of the products were close to the standard commercial lubricant values. Meanwhile, the total acid number and the iodine value of the ethyl 8-(3-octyl-5,6-dioxo-1,4-dioxan-2-yl)octanoate were smaller than the standard commercial lubricant, showing that this compound is a promising bio-lubricant in a real application.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Flow-Injection Analysis of the Total Base Number and the Total Acid Number in Lubricants Containing Both Acid and Base Compounds.

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi WATANABE ◽  
Keiko JYONOSONO ◽  
Nobuaki SOH ◽  
Toshihiko IMATO ◽  
Noriyuki IMAZUMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Injection ◽  
Flow Injection Analysis ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Total Base

scholarly journals Synthesis of 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.4] and 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5] Novel Compounds from Oleic Acid as Potential Biolubricant

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan ◽  
Yudha Ramanda ◽  
Kevin Thomas ◽  
Hendra Hendra ◽  
Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Sonochemical Method ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Hydroxylation Reaction ◽  
Total Base

Two 1,4-dioxaspiro novel compounds which derivated from methyl 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate (MDHO) with cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone had been synthesized by a sonochemical method in the presence of montmorillonite KSF catalyst. The MDHO compound had been prepared from 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (DHOA) and methanol. Meanwhile, DHOA was synthesized by hydroxylation of oleic acid with the solution of 1% KMnO4 under basic condition. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrometers. Hydroxylation reaction of oleic acid gave DHOA as a white solid powder in 46.52% yield (m.p. 131-132 °C). On the other side, esterification reaction via sonochemical method between DHOA and methanol gave MDHO as a white powder in 93.80% yield (m.p. 80-81 °C). The use of cyclopentanone in 45 min sonochemical method gave methyl 8-(3-octyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-yl)octanoate as a yellow viscous liquid in 50.51% yield. The other compound, methyl 8-(3-octyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)octanoate as yellow viscous liquid had been synthesized by similar method with cyclohexanone via the sonochemical method in 45.12% yield. From physicochemical properties, i.e. density, total acid number, total base number, and iodine value, gave the conclusion that these novel compounds are potential biolubricant candidates to be developed.

New Lubricant from Used Cooking Oil: Cyclic Ketal of Ethyl 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoate

2017 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan ◽  
Muslih Anwar ◽  
Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Sonochemical Method ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Total Base

A new ketal cyclic from ethyl 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate with acetone had been synthesized by reflux and sonochemical method. The synthesis was performed via several steps of reaction, i.e.: transesterification, hydrolysis, oxidation with 1% KMnO4 in basic condition, esterification, and ketalization. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR, GC-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectrometers. Direct transesterification of used cooking oil produced a mixture of ethyl ester in 82.94% yield meanwhile hydrolysis of this mixture gave free fatty acids mixture in 88.46% yield. Hydroxylation reaction of free fatty acids mixture yielded a white powder of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid in 46.52% yield. Esterification of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid and ethanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid with reflux condition for 4 hours and sonochemical method, respectively yielded 90% and 93.8% of ethyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate. In the other side, the utilization of KSF montmorillonite as catalyst conducted with reflux gave 52% in yield of ester. Furthermore, the use of acetone in 45 minutes sonochemical method with montmorillonite KSF catalyst gave cyclic ketal (ethyl 8-(2,2-dimethyl-5-octyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)octanoate) as a yellow viscous liquid in 53.30% yield. From physicochemical properties –density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, total acid number, total base number and iodine value- gave the conclusion that this novel compound is potential biolubricant candidates to be developed.

Improving Engine Oil Properties by Dispersion of hBN/Al2O3 Nanoparticles

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Fadzli bin Abdollah ◽  
Hilmi Amiruddin ◽  
Noreffendy Tamaldin ◽  
Nur Rashid Mat Nuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Oil Performance ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Sonication Technique ◽  
Lubrication Properties

This paper provides oil properties study of conventional diesel engine oil enriched with hBN/Al2O3 nanoparticles. In this study, an optimal composition (0.5 vol.%) of hBN and Al2O3 nanoparticles separately dispersed in SAE 15W40 diesel engine oil by sonication technique. The oil properties were studied by measuring the Viscosity Index (VI), Total Acid Number (TAN), Total Base Number (TBN) and flash point temperature. The results reveal that the nano-oil with hBN nanoparticles could improves or at least maintain the key lubrication properties, though the TAN value is slightly increased. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the conventional diesel engine oil performance.

scholarly journals Rapid Fleet Condition Analysis through Correlating Basic Vehicle Tracking Data with Engine Oil FT-IR Spectra

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
András Lajos Nagy ◽  
Adam Agocs ◽  
Bettina Ronai ◽  
Péter Raffai ◽  
Jan Rohde-Brandenburger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Cost Efficient

Engine oil condition and tribological performance are strongly interrelated. Accordingly, oil condition monitoring is common in various applications. This is especially important, as oil condition depends on the fueling and utilization profile of an internal combustion engine. Common practice involves the measurement of various parameters, such as the total acid number and total base number, oxidation, nitration, viscosity, and elemental composition; thus, it can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. This study provides a methodology for rapid analysis for large vehicle fleets or sample sizes, using only Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and the subsequent multivariate data analysis offers a rapid alternative to commonly available methods. The described method provides a rapid, cost-efficient, and intuitive approach to uncovering differences in the oil condition. Furthermore, understanding the underlying reasons in engine construction and the resulting chemical degradation is also possible.

scholarly journals Definition of oil change intervals based on the analysis of selected physicochemical properties of used engine oils

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech GOŁĘBIOWSKI ◽  
Artur WOLAK ◽  
Grzegorz ZAJĄC
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Synthetic Oil ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Definition Of

The paper presents the results of a thorough analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of engine oils at the end of their useful life, based on the oil change intervals assumed by vehicle users. Twelve samples of used Castrol Edge 5W/30 synthetic oil and five samples of used Castrol Magnatec 10W/40 semi-synthetic oil were tested. The Eralyticss ERASPEC OIL device was used for the assessment of the following parameters: degree of oxidation, degree of nitration, degree of sulfonation, water content, glycol content, total base number (TBN), total acid number (TAN) and kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C. The research was conducted on the basis of the ASTM E2412-10 standard. The results regarding the parameter limit exceedances have also been presented in the paper. For both synthetic and semi-synthetic oils, the exceedance of kinematic viscosity measured at 40°C was particularly striking. In fourteen samples (out of seventeen tested), at least one exceedance of the limit value (out of nine analyzed) has been observed.

scholarly journals Investigation of Used Engine Oil Lubricating Performance Through Oil Analysis and Friction and Wear Measurements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Lajos Nagy ◽  
Jan Christopher Knaup ◽  
Ibolya Zsoldos
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Total Base

Engine oil degradation during long-term engine operation is a well-researched topic, however, the effect of biofuels and synthetic compounds is not fully understood. In order to characterise novel fuel related phenomena in an engine a basis of studies should be established with state-of-the-art engines and conventional fuels and lubricants. This study aims at describing the behaviour of used engine oils throughout their service life based on friction and wear measurements with oil samples from three identical light-duty direct injection supercharged diesel engines. Oil samples were taken from each engine every 50 hours between oil changes to determine physical properties and chemical composition. Friction and wear measurements were conducted on a high-frequency reciprocating rig. The results show strong correlation between oil service life and boron content, as well as acid number and base number. A similar correlation between coefficient of friction with used samples and boron content as well as soot content was observed. A simple model based on a polynomial fitting function was proposed to predict friction and wear from boron content, total acid number and total base number.

Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Almadhaji ◽  
Mohammed Saeed ◽  
Hitham Ibrahim ◽  
Anas Ahmed ◽  
Ragaei Maher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

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