scholarly journals REQUEST STRATEGIES AS SEEN IN THE MOVIE SILVER LININGS PLAYBOOK

Lexicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Falminda Rahmadiyanti Tambulana ◽  
Adi Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Request Strategies ◽  
Strategy Types

This research aimed to investigate the types of request strategies used by the characters in the movie Silver Linings Playbook (2012). It also identified the types of request goals made by the characters. The data were taken from dialogues in the movie, which contained request utterances. The data were then classified into nine strategy types of request according to Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), followed by the classification of the data into four types of request goals according to the theory proposed by Blum-Kulka et al. (1985, as cited in Forgas, 1985, p. 118). The result showed that 202 request strategies were made by the characters. The most frequently used request strategy found in the movie was a direct request, which was mood derivable with 111 occurrences (54.9%). Meanwhile, for request goals, requests for action was the most frequently implored type by the characters, and it was dominated by mood derivable strategy with 103 occurrences (64.8%).

scholarly journals Request Strategies as Seen in the Movie Silver Linings Playbook

Lexicon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Falminda Rahmadiyanti Tambulana ◽  
Adi Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Request Strategies ◽  
Strategy Types

This research aimed to investigate the types of request strategies used by the characters in the movie Silver Linings Playbook (2012). It also identified the types of request goals made by the characters. The data were taken from dialogues in the movie, which contained request utterances. The data were then classified into nine strategy types of request according to Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), followed by the classification of the data into four types of request goals according to the theory proposed by Blum-Kulka et al. (1985, as cited in Forgas, 1985, p. 118). The result showed that 202 request strategies were made by the characters. The most frequently used request strategy found in the movie was a direct request, which was mood derivable with 111 occurrences (54.9%). Meanwhile, for request goals, requests for action was the most frequently implored type by the characters, and it was dominated by mood derivable strategy with 103 occurrences (64.8%).

Problems and solutions in the classification of compensatory strategies

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Poulisse
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Compensatory Strategies ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Foreign Language Proficiency ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Strategy Types ◽  
Achievement Strategies

It has been common practice to classify communication strategies (CmS) by means of taxonomies which are largely product-oriented. In such taxonomies different types of achievement strategies (also known as compensatory strategies (CpS)) are distinguished on the basis of the resources (source language, target language, gestures) which are used to encode the strategy, and the linguistic structure in which the strategy is couched. In this paper it will be argued that these taxonomies are inadequate for a number of practical and theoretical reasons. As an alternative, a process-oriented approach towards the classification and study of CpS will be proposed. This approach distinguishes between two basic strategy types only, conceptual and linguistic. It will be demonstrated that the choice between these two strategies is largely constrained by the nature of the experimental task and, to a much smaller extent, by the subjects' foreign language proficiency level. It is expected that a systematic study of these constraints in terms of the process-oriented taxonomy described here will increase our ability to explain and predict CpS use.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Study of Request Head Acts and External Modifications as Seen in "Frozen"

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reri Rahmat Riyadi Putra
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
Comedy Film ◽  
Pragmatic Study

This research attempts to investigate the requests in Frozen, an American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy-comedy film. The data comprise 76 requests collected from the subtitles of the movie, along with the context. Specifically, it aims to classify and analyze the requests‘ head acts and external modifications, and to find out the more dominant strategy appears in the movie. The classification of the head act was according to the theory of request strategies proposed by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984): direct, conventionally indirect, and non-conventionally indirect. The classification of the external modification was according to the theory of external modification strategies proposed by Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper‘s classification (qtd. in Schauer, 92): preparator, grounder, disarmer, imposition minimizer, sweetener, and promise of reward. Based on the classification, it can be seen that direct strategies is the most preferred strategies in uttering requests with 50 (65.79%) occurrences and grounder is the most preferred strategies in modifying requests with 23 (67.65%) occurrences. The high frequency of direct strategy might be caused by the characters‘ intimacy in the storyline and grounder might be caused by the easiness of using grounder in modifying requests.

scholarly journals Exploring the role of strategy instruction on learners’ ability to write authentic email requests to faculty

2022 ◽  
pp. 136216882110669
Author(s):  
Esther Usó-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Strategy Instruction ◽  
Pragmatic Development ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Subject Line ◽  
Explicit Strategy Instruction ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Request Strategies

This study used a pre-test post-test research design to investigate the role of explicit strategy instruction on Spanish English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ ability to write authentic email requests to faculty. Drawing on Taguchi’s (2018) classification of pragmatics learning strategies, the instructional intervention followed a strategy-based approach to help learners understand the form–function–context mapping of email requests in the academic context. A total of 110 naturally occurring email requests for action addressed to three faculty members were collected at two different times: as a pre-test (i.e. before engaging learners in the instructional period), and as a post-test (i.e. after learners’ participation in the treatment sessions). Learners’ email messages were analysed considering both their appropriateness of use as well the frequency of utilization of different structural (i.e. subject line, openings and closings) and content components (i.e. request strategies and internal request modifiers). Results showed that strategy instruction helped learners write more appropriate email requests after the instructional period. The findings suggest that arming learners with a variety of strategic tools may lead to pragmatic development in actual language use.

scholarly journals Analysis of approaches to enterprise competitive development strategy formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
M. Poliukhovych
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Strategic Marketing ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Strategy Formation ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Strategy Types

The main approaches to general strategy formation and separate functional strategies formation are investigated; the main stages and components of various strategy types are analyzed in this paper. In addition to the analysis of existing approaches and algorithms for different strategy types formation the objective of this investigation is to systematize approaches to strategy formation and improve existing algorithms for strategy formation using methods of analysis, synthesis – for the processing of information concerning existing materials; abstraction, generalization, description – for the formation of conclusions and proposals for the investigating object improvement; the method of graphic representation – for the visualization of obtained results. The scientific surveys and reports of researchers from different countries of the world in the field of strategic management and strategic marketing are analyzed in this investigation. According to the results of the investigation, it is found that, firstly, the approaches to the strategy and its functional type’s formation, in general, do not have significant differences. Secondly, in most cases the main stages of various strategy type’s formation differ only in the degree of details used in general technology of strategy formation. This is worth noting because details make it possible to take into account the features that distinguish different types, such as functional strategies. Considering this the schematic classification of existing approaches to the enterprise competitive development strategy formation is proposed. The technology of enterprise competitive development strategy formation is also developed and presented in the form of the scheme. Taking into account the relevance of this issue for business owners, CEO, directors and managers in their efforts to make perfect decisions and develop effective strategies for solving different types of tasks, the proposed detailing of the components of the proposed technology is intended to increase the efficiency of this strategy type. In addition, individual steps, such as evaluating the effectiveness of competitive development strategy can be valuable in terms of their further investigation.

scholarly journals Requests Made by Australian Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Wenying Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Pragmatic Development ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
Strategy Types ◽  
Selection Of

This study examines how Australian learners of Chinese make requests as compared to those made by native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Data were collected through a written production questionnaire comprising six situations. Results showed that learners and native speakers shared a preference for conventional indirectness. However, they favoured different strategy types in the realizations of requests. Moreover, native speakers tended to adjust their selection of request strategies according to social variables such as relative power, social distance, and rank of imposition, whereas learners displayed little sensitivity to social variables in the selection of request strategies. This study also provides some evidence of pragmatic development. Learners’ use of directness decreased but their use of conventional indirectness increased with increased proficiency. Moreover, learners’ acquisition of pragmalinguistic competence seemed to outperform their sociopragmatic competence. This study adds to the small body of research on requests by learners of Chinese as a foreign language. It highlights the importance of the inclusion of pragmatics in foreign language teaching.

Note on the spectral classification of carbon stars in the photographic infrared region

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Y. Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Region ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Carbon Stars

We have investigated the spectrograms (dispersion: 8Å/mm) in the photographic infrared region fromλ7500 toλ9000 of some carbon stars obtained by the coudé spectrograph of the 74-inch reflector attached to the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. The names of the stars investigated are listed in Table 1.

Diagnostic Value of Electron Microscopy in Soft Tissue Tumors

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
Gerald Fine ◽  
Azorides R. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myxoma ◽  
Osteogenic Sarcoma ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Amelanotic Melanoma ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumors ◽  
Good Agreement

For years the separation of carcinoma and sarcoma and the subclassification of sarcomas has been based on the appearance of the tumor cells and their microscopic growth pattern and information derived from certain histochemical and special stains. Although this method of study has produced good agreement among pathologists in the separation of carcinoma from sarcoma, it has given less uniform results in the subclassification of sarcomas. There remain examples of neoplasms of different histogenesis, the classification of which is questionable because of similar cytologic and growth patterns at the light microscopic level; i.e. amelanotic melanoma versus carcinoma and occasionally sarcoma, sarcomas with an epithelial pattern of growth simulating carcinoma, histologically similar mesenchymal tumors of different histogenesis (histiocytoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma, lytic osteogenic sarcoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma), and myxomatous mesenchymal tumors of diverse histogenesis (myxoid rhabdo and liposarcomas, cardiac myxoma, myxoid neurofibroma, etc.)

Ultrastructure of mesotheliomas

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Irving Dardick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Spindle Cell ◽  
Spindle Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

With the extensive industrial use of asbestos in this century and the long latent period (20-50 years) between exposure and tumor presentation, the incidence of malignant mesothelioma is now increasing. Thus, surgical pathologists are more frequently faced with the dilemma of differentiating mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma and spindle-cell sarcoma involving serosal surfaces. Electron microscopy is amodality useful in clarifying this problem.In utilizing ultrastructural features in the diagnosis of mesothelioma, it is essential to appreciate that the classification of this tumor reflects a variety of morphologic forms of differing biologic behavior (Table 1). Furthermore, with the variable histology and degree of differentiation in mesotheliomas it might be expected that the ultrastructure of such tumors also reflects a range of cytological features. Such is the case.

Interpreting HVEM of muscle-cell impulse networks

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
Paul DeCosta ◽  
Kyugon Cho ◽  
Stephen Shemlon ◽  
Heesung Jun ◽  
Stanley M. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Automatic Classification ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Analysis Algorithm ◽  
Structural Networks

Introduction: The analysis and interpretation of electron micrographs of cells and tissues, often requires the accurate extraction of structural networks, which either provide immediate 2D or 3D information, or from which the desired information can be inferred. The images of these structures contain lines and/or curves whose orientation, lengths, and intersections characterize the overall network.Some examples exist of studies that have been done in the analysis of networks of natural structures. In, Sebok and Roemer determine the complexity of nerve structures in an EM formed slide. Here the number of nodes that exist in the image describes how dense nerve fibers are in a particular region of the skin. Hildith proposes a network structural analysis algorithm for the automatic classification of chromosome spreads (type, relative size and orientation).

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