Nanodrug formulations to enhance HIV drug exposure in lymphoid tissues and cells: clinical significance and potential impact on treatment and eradication of HIV/AIDS

ObjectivesAs of 13 January 2021, there have been 3 113 963 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 and 74 619 deaths across the African continent. Despite relatively lower numbers of cases initially, many African countries are now experiencing an exponential increase in case numbers. Estimates of the progression of disease and potential impact of different interventions are needed to inform policymaking decisions. Herein, we model the possible trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 in 52 African countries under different intervention scenarios.DesignWe developed a compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to estimate the COVID-19 case burden for all African countries while considering four scenarios: no intervention, moderate lockdown, hard lockdown and hard lockdown with continued restrictions once lockdown is lifted. We further analysed the potential impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations affected by HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB).ResultsIn the absence of an intervention, the most populous countries had the highest peaks in active projected number of infections with Nigeria having an estimated 645 081 severe infections. The scenario with a hard lockdown and continued post-lockdown interventions to reduce transmission was the most efficacious strategy for delaying the time to the peak and reducing the number of cases. In South Africa, projected peak severe infections increase from 162 977 to 2 03 261, when vulnerable populations with HIV/AIDS and TB are included in the analysis.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading across the African continent. Estimates of the potential impact of interventions and burden of disease are essential for policymakers to make evidence-based decisions on the distribution of limited resources and to balance the economic costs of interventions with the potential for saving lives.

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Polygynous Muslim Marriages in South Africa: Their Potential Impact on the Incidence of HIV/AIDS

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad ◽

10.17159/1727-3781/2009/v12i3a2734 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

N Moosa

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

South African ◽

The South ◽

Per Se ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Islamic Values ◽

Hiv Aids

This article examines whether there is any relationship between the institution of polygynous marriages in Islam and the incidence or spread of the disease. It is suggested that, while polygyny may be a contributing factor, it is not the institution of marriage per se that relates to the disease (although the prospect of greater infection intra marriage must be present in polygynous marriages, if the husband is the infecting party), but the conduct of the parties to the marriage relationship, whatever its nature.The focus and thrust lies with the institution of polygyny in Islam, the South African response to polygyny, the (potential) impact of polygyny on the incidence of AIDS, and the contribution that both an informed approach to HIV and an enlightened approach to the application of Islamic values could or would have on the limitation of the disease's spread

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Assessing Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Categorization Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines and the Potential Impact on Treatment Recommendations

The American Journal of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.08.012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 118 (10) ◽

pp. 1480-1485 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hussain Isma'eel ◽

David Min ◽

Laila Al-Shaar ◽

Rory Hachamovitch ◽

Sandra Halliburton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Calcium Score ◽

Cardiovascular Prevention ◽

Heart Association ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Impact On Treatment ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Level Of Agreement

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The Value of Second Opinion in Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/2001-125-0736-tvosoi ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 125 (6) ◽

pp. 736-739 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Geoffrey K. Hahm ◽

Theodore H. Niemann ◽

Joel G. Lucas ◽

Wendy L. Frankel

Keyword(s):

Clinical Significance ◽

Medical Center ◽

Ohio State University ◽

Second Opinion ◽

State University ◽

Missing Information ◽

Additional Information ◽

Pertinent Information ◽

Impact On Treatment ◽

Pathology Reports

Abstract Objective.—The value of routine second opinion review of liver and gastrointestinal pathologic material was evaluated to determine whether there were discrepancies in diagnoses and if these discrepancies had an impact on treatment or prognosis. Materials and Methods.—All gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary histopathology referral diagnoses made during a 1-year period for patients being treated at Ohio State University Medical Center were compared with the outside pathologic diagnosis. All major discrepant diagnoses were reviewed by at least 2 pathologists. Diagnoses were classified as no diagnostic disagreement, diagnostic disagreement, or no diagnostic disagreement but pertinent information missing or terminology unclear. Discrepant cases were also classified according to the clinical significance of the discrepancy. Results.—Pathology reports from 194 hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal cases were reviewed. Of the hepatobiliary cases, 57 (64.8%) of 88 cases showed no discrepancies. Discrepancies were noted in 31 cases (35.2%), including missing information or unclear terminology in the diagnosis in 23 cases (26.1%) and diagnostic disagreement in 8 cases (9.1%). Of the cases with discrepancies, 6 (6.8%) were of major significance. Of the gastrointestinal cases, 87 (82.1%) of 106 cases showed no discrepancies. Discrepancies were noted in 19 cases (17.9%), including missing or unclear information in 3 cases (2.8%) and diagnostic disagreements in 16 cases (15.1%). The cases with discrepancies included 8 cases (7.5%) for which the change was of major clinical significance. Conclusions.—Routine pathologic review of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cases revealed notable discrepancies in diagnoses. In 14 cases (7.2%), the change in diagnosis or additional information had a significant effect on the proper treatment or a significant prognostic implication. Routine review of all pertinent pathologic material should be performed on all patients being transferred to a second institution for treatment or second opinion.

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The sigmoid take-off as a landmark to distinguish rectal from sigmoid tumours on MRI: Reproducibility, pitfalls and potential impact on treatment stratification

European Journal of Surgical Oncology ◽

10.1016/j.ejso.2021.09.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nino Bogveradze ◽

Doenja M.J. Lambregts ◽

Najim el Khababi ◽

Raphaëla C. Dresen ◽

Monique Maas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact On Treatment ◽

Potential Impact

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A comparison of MRI and PET scanning in surgically staged loco-regionally advanced cervical cancer: Potential impact on treatment

International Journal of Gynecological Cancer ◽

10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200107000-00002 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 263-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

K. Narayan ◽

R. J. Hicks ◽

T. Jobling ◽

D. Bernshaw ◽

A. F. Mckenzie

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Primary Tumor ◽

Locally Advanced ◽

Surgical Staging ◽

Advanced Cervical Cancer ◽

Nodal Disease ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Pet Scanning ◽

Impact On Treatment ◽

Potential Impact

Abstract.Narayan K, Hicks RJ, Jobling T, Bernshaw D, McKenzie AF. A comparison of MRI and PET scanning in surgically staged loco-regionally advanced cervical cancer: Potential impact on treatment.The aim of this study was to assess whether positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could obviate the need for surgical staging in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma being planned for radiotherapy (RT). Imaging findings were compared to surgical staging in 27 patients including three with recent resection of the primary tumor. Both PET and MRI visualized all 24 residual cervical tumors. Primary tumor volume, as measured by MRI scan, ranged from 1.25 cc to 140 cc. In 24 patients evaluable for pelvic nodal status, PET had sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 83%, 92%, 91% and 85%, respectively, with 88% accuracy. MRI detected only six in 12 (50%) patients with confirmed pelvic nodal disease, all of which were also seen by CT and PET, with an overall accuracy of 75%. PET detected only four in seven (57%) cases with confirmed para-aortic (PA) involvement. All histologically confirmed sites not visualized on PET were <1 cm. Without surgical staging, six in 10 (60%) patients with histologically proven pelvic nodal disease would not have received pelvic boost if guided by MRI alone, compared to two in 10 (20%) patients guided by PET alone or in combination with MRI. All four patients with positive PA on PET were confirmed on histology or clinical follow-up, including one case that proved to be a false negative one on surgery . However, in three cases, PET would have yielded an inadequate radiation volume. In conclusion, the positive predictive value of PET in the pelvis and para-aortic region appears sufficient to obviate lymph nodal sampling, but sampling is still required to exclude small-volume disease cranial to sites of abnormality on PET. MRI has insufficient accuracy for nodal staging to impact management.

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