scholarly journals Infographics Influence Attitudes and Risk Perceptions for Food Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LaCour ◽  
E. Beyer ◽  
J. L. Finck ◽  
M. Miller ◽  
T. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
English Speaking

ObjectivesFood technologies have facilitated a healthier, more efficient, and sustainable food supply. They nevertheless often face resistance from consumers. Compared to organic and traditional farming techniques, food produced with technologies tends to be associated with higher perceptions of risk, lower attitudes, and fewer perceived benefits. Countering resistance toward technologies poses a serious challenge because persuasive appeals have the potential to amplify preexisting attitudes instead of changing them. We tested six infographics for their ability to improve attitudes and risk perception toward six food technologies: hormones, antibiotics, GM crops, vaccines, sustainability technology, and animal welfare technology. Our objective was to determine whether these infographics would successfully shift perceived risk and attitudes toward these technologies.Materials and MethodsParticipants (n = 810) from English speaking countries (in North America, Europe, and Australia) were recruited from Amazon’s MTurk service. They answered a survey assessing their levels of risk perception and attitudes regarding each of the six food technologies, followed by a general food technology neophobia (FTN) survey. An experimental condition (n = 416) saw an infographic before answering questions about each technology and a control condition (n = 394) did not. Linear mixed effects models implemented in R were used to test risk and attitude differences among technologies and whether the infographics affected risk perception and attitudes.ResultsLinear mixed effects models revealed that there was a significant interaction between technology and condition for both risk: F(54040) = 5.068, p < 0.001, and attitudes: F(54040) = 26.34, p < 0.001. Overall, there was a tendency for risk perception to decrease (g = –.36, z = 6.89, p < 0.001) and attitudes to increase (g = .48, z = 9.38, p < 0.001), in the condition that saw the infographics. However, there were larger decreases in risk perception and increases in attitudes for hormones (risk: z = 5.05, p < 0.001; attitudes: z = 8.30, p < 0.001), GMOs (risk: z = 6.89, p < 0.001; attitudes: 13.21, p < 0.001), vaccines (risk: z = 6.45, p < 0.001; attitudes: z = 6.11, p < 0.001), and antibiotics (risk: 5.06, p < 0.001; attitudes: z = 7.83, p < 0.001), but smaller changes for sustainability (risk: z = 2.77, p = 0.03; attitudes: z = 2.89, p = 0.02) and animal welfare (risk: z = 4.91, p < 0.001; attitudes: z = 3.51, p = 0.003). Including FTN in the models did not affect the overall pattern of results, suggesting that the changes in risk perception and attitudes were not due to simply a general change in FTN.ConclusionOur results found that infographics provide a potential avenue for improving attitudes and risk perception for food technologies. Across six different infographics, we found attitudes and risk perception improved for hormones, antibiotics, vaccines, GMOs, sustainability technologies, and animal welfare technologies. These results are important because such persuasive appeals can often backfire, yet here we observed general improvement. In future studies it will be critical to examine how such attitude and risk perception changes relate to consumer behavior (e.g., willingness-to-pay), and which specific strategies in the infographics led to the improved attitudes.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP PERSEPSI NILAI NASABAH YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH PERSEPSI RISIKO STUDI PADA NASABAH LPD PERERENAN KABUPATEN BADUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Ida bagus Surya Wijaya ◽  
Kastawan Mandala
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Analysis Technique

The risks faced by customers when using the services of LPD, with attention to and maintain the quality of the company provided to customers will be added value to the LPD. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of service quality on the perception of customer value mediated by risk perception. This research was conducted at LPD Pererenan Kabupaten Badung. The sample used is 100 customers. The technique of this research is purposive sampling and analysis technique used is path analysis technique. Quality of service has a positive and significant impact on the perception of value. Perceptions of risk have a negative and significant impact on the perception of value, which means that when perceived risk perceptions of customers when using LPD services are high, the perception of customer value on LPD is low. Service quality has a negative and significant impact on risk perception. Perceptions of risk mediate the effect of service quality on the perception of customer value positively and significantly, it proves when the quality of service and perception of customer value is high then customer risk perceptions aat using LPD services low. A good LPD business should be able to maintain the quality of service provided to its customers, in terms of service. LPDs should be able to prioritize the interests of LPD customers in financial services LPD, able to establish good service quality and perception of good customer value.   Keywords: service quality, customer perception, risk perception

scholarly journals Functional Neuroimaging Reveals Neural Processes Underlying Food Technology Attitudes and Risk Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Beyer ◽  
M. LaCour ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
T. H. Davis ◽  
J. L. Finck
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Positive Attitudes

ObjectivesAdvances in food technology provide numerous benefits including improvements in sustainability, quality, and food security. However, consumers often perceive such technologies as risky, even when extensively vetted for safety. Neuroimaging has the potential to reveal how the consumer brain processes information about technologies and how this processing relates to their attitudes and risk perception. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine how brain activation during processing of infographics about food technologies related to subsequent ratings of risk and attitudes. Based on neuroeconomic research, we hypothesized that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) would track positive attitudes for the technologies due to its role in computing subjective value and positive affect. In contrast, we predicted that the lateral PFC would track perceptions of risk associated with the technologies due to its role in processing conflict and uncertainty.Materials and MethodsParticipants (n = 53; 31 Female; Age 18- 43) completed a neuroimaging study at Texas Tech Neuroimaging Institute. Participants were scanned while viewing 6 different food technology infographics in 30s blocks: hormone implants, antibiotics, vaccines, GMOs, animal welfare technology, and sustainability technologies. Between viewing blocks, participants answered attitudes and risk perception questions for each technology. The scans were analyzed using a mixed effect implemented in FSL’s FEAT software and corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05) using cluster-based thresholding with a primary threshold of z = 3.1 (p < 0.001).ResultsParticipants had lower attitudes and higher risk perception for antibiotics and hormones relative to GMOs and vaccines (risk perception: t(52) = 5.07, p < 0.001; attitudes: t(52) = 8.35, p < 0.001) and animal welfare and sustainability technologies (risk perception: t(52) = 6.60, p < 0.001; attitudes: t(52) = 7.65, p < 0.001). Consistent with our predictions, a cluster in lateral PFC (1496 voxels, p < 0.001) was positively associated with between-infographic differences in risk perception (and negatively associated with attitudes) such that it was most highly activated for the hormones and antibiotics and less so for the lower perceived risk technologies. Additionally, we observed a cluster in vmPFC (648 voxels, p < 0.001) that was positively associated with attitudes and thus was most highly activated for the lower perceived risk and higher attitude technologies. Several additional areas were associated with risk and attitudes including lateral parietal cortex, precuneus, occipital, and middle temporal gyrus (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results present a critical step forward in understanding how consumers process information about food technologies. We found areas of the vmPFC tracked positive attitudes and lateral PFC tracked perceptions of risk and lower attitudes. These findings are important because they suggest that PFC regions may contribute to how consumers process information about food technologies, which can affect how they retain and use information to update their beliefs. Future research should examine whether fMRI may be useful prospectively for predicting consumer responses to information campaigns about food technologies.

Dismissing “Don’t Know” Responses to Perceived Risk Survey Items Threatens the Validity of Theoretical and Empirical Behavior-Change Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162110178
Author(s):  
Erika A. Waters ◽  
Marc T. Kiviniemi ◽  
Jennifer L. Hay ◽  
Heather Orom
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Empirical Risk ◽  
Volitional Behavior ◽  
Don't Know Responses ◽  
The U.S

Since the middle of the 20th century, perceptions of risk have been critical to understanding engagement in volitional behavior change. However, theoretical and empirical risk perception research seldom considers the possibility that risk perceptions do not simply exist: They must be formed. Thus, some people may not have formulated a perception of risk for a hazard at the time a researcher asks them, or they may not be confident in the extent to which their perception matches reality. We describe a decade-long research program that investigates the possibility that some people may genuinely not know their risk of even well-publicized hazards. We demonstrate that indications of not knowing (i.e., “don’t know” responses) are prevalent in the U.S. population, are systematically more likely to occur among marginalized sociodemographic groups, and are associated with less engagement in protective health behaviors. “Don’t know” responses are likely indications of genuinely limited knowledge and therefore may indicate populations in need of targeted intervention. This body of research suggests that not allowing participants to indicate their uncertainty may threaten the validity and generalizability of behavior-change research. We provide concrete recommendations for scientists to allow participants to express uncertainty and to analyze the resulting data.

Exploring the role of language proficiency and cultural adaptation in travel risk perception: A study of Asian working holiday makers in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181
Author(s):  
Hayato Nagai ◽  
Aaron Tkaczynski ◽  
Pierre J Benckendorff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
English Language ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Tourist Behaviour

The perceived risk associated with international travel is frequently acknowledged as having a major influence on tourist behaviour. However, the influence of language proficiency and cultural adaptation on risk perception has not been well researched, especially in the context of tourists from non-English-speaking backgrounds. This study explored these influences and associations by focusing on Asian working holiday makers (WHMs) in Australia. It was found that English language proficiency and cultural adaptation were significant predictors of perceived risk. Asian WHMs who had difficulty adapting to the host culture perceived greater levels of risk. However, Asian WHMs with higher language proficiency tended to perceive greater travel risks. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications for the study of risk perceptions and the management of visitors with low language proficiency.

Relative Contribution of Likelihood and Severity of Injury to Risk Perceptions

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (13) ◽  
pp. 1014-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Young ◽  
Michael S. Wogalter ◽  
John W. Brelsford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
People’S Perceptions

The degree of caution that people are willing to take for a given product is largely determined by their perceptions of the risk associated with that product. Research suggests that risk perceptions are determined by the objective likelihood or probability of encountering potential hazards (Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein, 1979). However, there is also research suggesting that objective likelihood plays little or no role in determining risk perceptions. Rather, risk is determined by the subjective dimension of the hazard or in other words, the severity of injury (Wogalter, Desaulniers and Brelsford, 1986, 1987). The present research examined aspects of these two studies in an attempt to reconcile the observed differences. Subjects evaluated either the Wogalter et al. (1986, 1987) products or the Slovic et al. (1979) items on eight rating questions. Results demonstrated that severity of injury was the foremost predictor of perceived risk for the Wogalter products, but that likelihood of injury was primarily responsible for ratings of risk for the Slovic items. The two lists differed substantially on all the dimensions evaluated, suggesting that the content of the lists is responsible for the contrary findings. In a second study, subjects rated another set of generic consumer products. These ratings showed a pattern of results similar to the Wogalter products. Overall, this research: (a) explains the basis for conflicting results in the risk perception literature, and (b) demonstrates that severity of injury, and not likelihood of injury, is the primary determinant of people's perceptions of risk for common consumer products.

scholarly journals Perceived Norms Influence Perceptions of Risk and Attitudes for Food Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LaCour ◽  
E. Beyer ◽  
J. L. Finck ◽  
M. Miller ◽  
T. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Perceived Norms ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

ObjectivesUnderstanding the factors that influence consumer attitudes and risk perception is critical for effective marketing of new food technologies. Many variables impact attitudes and risk perception. However, food technology research has largely focused on demographic variables, and often only single technologies (e.g., GMOs). Our goal was to determine how psychological variables differentially influence attitudes and risk perception for a range of food technologies: antibiotics, hormones, vaccines, GMOs, sustainability, and animal welfare technologies. We examined how attitudes and risk perception for these technologies related to four social psychological variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): perceived norms, past behavior, familiarity, and perceived control. In addition, we measured general Food Technology Neophobia (FTN), Trust in Science (TIS), chemical reasoning (CR).Materials and MethodsParticipants (n = 394) provided demographics followed by TPB, attitude, and risk perception surveys for each of the six technologies. Then they completed FTN, TIS, and a CR survey measuring dose–response beliefs (DR), beliefs in unknown risks (UR), the role of risk in society (RS), and naturalness/knowledge of chemicals (NKC). Multiple regression analyses were used to test for associations among the survey measures.ResultsThe multiple regression models were all significant (p < 0.05). Variance accounted for (R2) ranged from 0.49 to0.69 (See Table 1 for summary). Perceived norms were the strongest predictor of attitudes and risk with higher values being associated with stronger attitudes (standardized betas ranging from 0.51 to 0.71) and lower risk perception (–0.54 to –0.40). There were a number of technology-specific associations, including familiarity increasing perceptions of risk for hormones, and NKC being primarily associated with animal welfare and sustainability technologies.ConclusionThe present findings show a critical role for perceived norms– a person’s perception that people they like also approve of or use a technology– across all technologies. This suggests that social factors like norms play a major role in consumer acceptance of food technologies. Other predictors varied in strength across technologies suggesting marketing may benefit from strategies tailored to specific technologies.Table 1Standardized betas (> 0.10 in bold) from selected coefficients of regression models predicting risk perceptions and attitudes (rows) for each technology (columns)

scholarly journals Perceived risk of lock-in in the front-end phase of major transportation projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal C. Cantarelli ◽  
David Oglethorpe ◽  
Bert van Wee
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Front End ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Lock In

AbstractLock-in is defined as the tendency to continue with an inefficient decision or project proposal. The front-end phase is critical to project success, yet most studies have focused on lock-in in the implementation phase. Moreover, little is known about the way in which decision-makers perceive the risk of lock-in. In this paper we identify determinants of lock-in in the front-end phase and we reveal decision-makers’ perceptions of risk of lock-in. Our findings show that risk attitudes towards lock-in vary with the level of risk aversion. However, this is not sufficiently acute to drive the level of regret needed to avoid lock-in. This implies that decision-makers do not accurately assess the risk of lock-in and as such their risk perceptions are a mediating factor in the formation of lock-in. Based on escalation of commitment, path dependency, and prospect theory, the main contribution lies in providing a more comprehensive understanding of lock-in in the front-end phase.

scholarly journals COVID-19: the relationship between perceptions of risk and behaviours during lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Douglas Brown ◽  
Lynne Coventry ◽  
Gillian V Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Extrinsic Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Threat To Life

Background Understanding COVID-19 risk perceptions and their impact on behaviour can improve the effectiveness of public health strategies in the future. Prior evidence suggests that, when people perceive uncontrollable risks to their health, they are less likely to make efforts to protect their health in those ways which they can control (e.g. through diet, exercise, and limiting alcohol intake). It is therefore important to understand the extent to which the threat of COVID-19 is perceived to be an uncontrollable risk, and to assess whether this perceived risk is associated with differences in health behaviour. MethodsWe surveyed a nationally representative sample of 496 participants, shortly after the peak of the pandemic in the UK. We collected data to assess people’s perceptions of COVID-19-related risk, and how these perceptions were associated with behaviours. We examined self-reported adherence to behaviours recommended by the UK Government and National Health Service to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as more general health behaviours. We predicted that increased perceived extrinsic mortality risk (the portion of a person’s mortality risk which they perceive to be uncontrollable) would disincentivise healthy behaviour. ResultsPerceived threat to life was found to be the most consistent predictor of reported adherence to measures designed to prevent the spread of infection. Perceived extrinsic mortality risk was found to have increased due to the pandemic, and was also associated with lower reported adherence to Government advice on diet and physical activity, as well as smoking. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that promoting a message that highlights threat to life may be effective in raising levels of adherence to measures of infection control, but may also have unintended consequences, leading to a reduction in health-promoting behaviours. We suggest that messages that highlight threat to life should be accompanied by statements of efficacy, and that messages evoking feelings of concern for others may also be effective in promoting compliance with anti-infection measures.

scholarly journals Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1562
Author(s):  
Saul Lozano ◽  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Lilyana Ortega ◽  
Maggie Silver ◽  
Roxanne Connelly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
News Media ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Use Of Resources

The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance.

Perceived Risk of Co-Occurrent Substance Abuse

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
James B. Hittner ◽  
Margaret A. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

A strong negative correlation between perceptions of risk for co-occurrent substance abuse and the variability associated with those risk perceptions was found in two independent samples.

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