scholarly journals New energetic materials derived from common explosives. Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-110
Author(s):  
Mateusz Szala ◽  
Tomasz Sałaciński
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Detonation Parameters ◽  
Explosive Properties

The review discusses the products of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reactions which have explosive properties or are potentially high-energy compounds. The following compounds are discussed: trinitrobenzene, cyanotrinitrobenzene, trinitroxylene, aminotrinitrotoluenes, trinitronitromethylbenzene, methylene bis(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), hexanitrostilbene, nitromethyldiphenylamines, 4,4’,6,6’-tetranitro-2,2’-azoxytoluene and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzylideneamine derivatives. The synthesis pathways are provided for all compounds and the detonation parameters are presented for selected compounds.

Synthesis, structure and properties of neutral energetic materials based on N-functionalization of 3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (88) ◽  
pp. 84760-84768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Li ◽  
Yuanjie Shu ◽  
Bozhou Wang ◽  
Shengyong Zhang ◽  
Lianjie Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
High Energy Density Materials

Various neutral energetic derivatives based onN-functionalization of DNPP were synthesized, which can be used as new high energy-density materials.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Al/HTPB Composite for High Energetic Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2222
Author(s):  
Alexander Vorozhtsov ◽  
Marat Lerner ◽  
Nikolay Rodkevich ◽  
Sergei Sokolov ◽  
Elizaveta Perchatkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Nanosized Powders ◽  
The Cost

Nanosized Al (nAl) powders offer increased reactivity than the conventional micron-sized counterpart, thanks to their reduced size and increased specific surface area. While desirable from the combustion viewpoint, this high reactivity comes at the cost of difficult handling and implementation of the nanosized powders in preparations. The coating with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is proposed to improve powder handling and ease of use of nAl and to limit its sensitivity to aging. The nAl/HTPB composite can be an intermediate product for the subsequent manufacturing of mixed high-energy materials while maintaining the qualities and advantages of nAl. In this work, experimental studies of the high-energy mixture nAl/HTPB are carried out. The investigated materials include two composites: nAl (90 wt.%) + HTPB (10 wt.%) and nAl (80 wt.%) + HTPB (20 wt.%). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is performed from 30 to 1000 °C at slow heating rate (10 °C/min) in inert (Ar) and oxidizing (air) environment. The combustion characteristics of propellant formulations loaded with conventional and HTPB-coated nAl are analyzed and discussed. Results show the increased burning rate performance of nAl/HTPB-loaded propellants over the counterpart loaded with micron-sized Al.

New green energetic materials based on unsymmetrically substituted pyrazole-tetrazines and their hydroperchlorates

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (47) ◽  
pp. 18637-18646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Li Yang ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Wen-li Cao ◽  
Tong Li ◽  
Jun-Qing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Explosive Properties ◽  
Structural Diversification

Some novel metal-free energetic materials were synthesized. Structural diversification of substituted tetrazines affects their physical and explosive properties making them have potential applications as green energetic materials.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijie Zhang ◽  
Zhenguo Gao ◽  
Di Lan ◽  
Qian Jia ◽  
Ning Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
Energetic Compounds

Nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have attracted wide publicity in the field of energetic materials (EMs) due to their high heat of formation, high density, tailored thermal stability, and detonation performance. Many nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have been developed to meet the increasing demands of high power, low sensitivity, and eco-friendly environment, and they have good applications in explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. Continuous and growing efforts have been committed to promote the rapid development of nitrated-pyrazole-based EMs in the last decade, especially through large amounts of Chinese research. Some of the ultimate aims of nitrated-pyrazole-based materials are to develop potential candidates of castable explosives, explore novel insensitive high energy materials, search for low cost synthesis strategies, high efficiency, and green environmental protection, and further widen the applications of EMs. This review article aims to present the recent processes in the synthesis and physical and explosive performances of the nitrated-pyrazole-based Ems, including monopyrazoles with nitro, bispyrazoles with nitro, nitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles, and their derivatives, and to comb the development trend of these compounds. This review intends to prompt fresh concepts for designing prominent high-performance nitropyrazole-based EMs.

Nano-Scale Copper Oxide: Preparation, Characterization and its Effect on the Thermal Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate

2019 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yehia ◽  
A. Elbeih ◽  
Waleed F. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Solid Rocket

A new generation of high energy materials depends on the use of Nano-particle oxides. Nano-scale copper oxide (nano-CuO) has large surface area and surface energy which is suitable for its application in the field of energetic materials. This manuscript reports a method for the synthesis of nano-CuO by a liquid-state reaction method. The prepared nano-CuO was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the particles size, purity and morphology of the crystals. The effect of Nano-CuO on the thermal behavior of AP was tested by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results proved that the average particle sizes of the nano-cuo particles are in the range of 10-20 nm. The thermal degradation rate of AP was increased by 23% in the presence of 1% nano-CuO and the heat release was increased by 51%. It was concluded that nano-CuO could have obvious effect on the burning behavior, performance and combustion characteristics of the solid rocket propellants.

New concept for the design of zero-hydrogen energetic materials with high energy and low sensitivity: achieving a good balance among parent compounds, nitro groups, and N-oxides

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Linghua Tan ◽  
Zusheng Hang ◽  
Weihua Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Energetic Material ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
New Novel ◽  
Energetic Compound ◽  
The Density Functional Theory ◽  
Low Sensitivity

A new powerful zero-hydrogen energetic compound DNDOBTT (2,7-dinitro-4N,9N-dioxide-bis[1,2,4]-triazolo)[1,5-b:1′,5′e][1,2,4,5] tetrazine) was produced by a new design concept of achieving a balance among the parent compound, nitro groups, and N-oxides. Its structure and properties was studied by the density functional theory. The breaking of N–N bond in the tetrazine ring is an initial decomposition step of DNDOBTT, and the energy barrier was predicted to be 175 kJ·mol−1. DNDOBTT has comparable detonation performance with some CHNO energetic compounds, including the most powerful ONC (octanitrocubane), whereas its sensitivity and thermal stability are obviously lower and better than those of ONC, respectively, indicating that DNDOBTT has both the high energy and reduced sensitivity and may be a valuable candidate for experiments. Therefore, a new novel energetic material DNDOBTT with good overall performance has been obtained successfully by the new design concept, and it may be applied to design and develop other novel improved zero-hydrogen energetic materials.

Computational Study of the Decomposition of Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine under Impact, Friction, and Electric Fields

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 407-412
Author(s):  
Hui Hu ◽  
Miao Miao Li ◽  
Bao Shan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Basis Sets ◽  
Gas Phases ◽  
The Impact

Organic CHNO-containing high energy density materials have been widely used for storing large amounts of the chemical energies which can be rapidly transformed into heat upon various external perturbations during detonation. The sensitivity of the energetic materials is subjected to considerable concern for safety and maintenance. Periodic density functional theory with the all-electron basis sets were employed in this work to unravel the impact, friction, and electric-fields induced decomposition of HMX. The minimum energy paths for the N−NO2homolysis reactions of HMX in the bulk and gas phases were obtained. The surface-enhanced effect on the decomposition of HMX were calculated for both (010) and (100) surfaces. A general theoretical scheme has been proposed to assess the intrinsic mechanic and electrostatic sensitivities of the pure energetic materials.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Polytetrafluoroethylene Coated Micron Aluminium with Enhanced Oxidation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3384
Author(s):  
Benbo Zhao ◽  
Shixiong Sun ◽  
Yunjun Luo ◽  
Yuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Polymer Shell ◽  
Oxidation Activity ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Micron Size ◽  
Shell Composite

Aluminium (Al) powders of micron size are widely applied to energetic materials as a high energy fuel. However, its energy conversion efficiency is generally low due to low oxidation activity. In this paper, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating layer with both protection and activation action was successfully introduced onto the surface of Al via adsorption and following heat treatment. The preparation conditions were optimized and the thermal activity of this core-shell composite material was studied. The potential enhancement mechanism for Al oxidation was proposed. The results showed that PTFE powders deformed into membrane on the surface of Al after the sintering process. This polymer shell could act as an effective passivation layer protecting internal Al from oxidation during aging. The reduction in metallic Al of Al/PTFE was decreased by 84.7%, more than that in original spherical Al when the aging time is 60 days. Moreover, PTFE could react with Al resulting in a thin AlF3 layer, which could promote the destruction of Al2O3 shell. Thus, PTFE could enhance oxidation activity of micro-Al. The conversion of Al was increased by a factor of 1.8 when heated to 1100 °C. Improved aging-resistant performance and promoted oxidation activity of Al could potentially broaden its application in the field of energetic materials.

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