scholarly journals STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF PILE CAP 3 PILE WITH EKSENTRIC LOAD DESIGNED USING STRUT AND TIE MODEL WITH NUMERICAL METHOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panji Ginaya Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Eccentric Load ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Model Method ◽  
Truss Model ◽  
Stress Trajectory ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

Pile cap is a structure to distribute load from the upper structure to the sub structure. Often the planning of the pile cap is approached as a two way slab or beam with pile as restrain, by consider the bending and shear separately. As is the case with conventional methods that consider 1-way shear, 2-way shear, and bending separately. The strut and tie model can be used as an alternative method in designing a pile cap, by approaching the stress trajectory with the truss model. In this study, a pile cap will be designed using the conventional method and the strut and tie model, the pile cap with 3 pile cap and an eccentric load. Then the results are tested numerically using Abaqus to determine the difference in behavior. The main reinforcement results from the strut and tie model method are more evenly stressed than the conventional method, also the vertical load needed to achieve the main reinforcement yield stress strut and tie model (1100 kN) is greater than the conventional method (900 kN).

scholarly journals EKSPERIMEN PADA STRUKTUR PILE CAP TIGA TIANG DENGAN METODE STRUT AND TIE MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Maulana Agung Sedayu ◽  
Djoko Sulistyo ◽  
Akhmad Aminullah
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Crack Pattern ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Model Method ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

 ABSTRACTIn general, the design of the pile cap structure still uses conventional method assuming all regions experience linear strain. However, in reality the strain distribution in the cross section of the structure is not always linear so that a rational analysis method is needed with the assumption that is close to the actual condition using the strut and tie model method. This study aims to determine the behavior of crack pattern in the pile cap designed using the strut and tie model method (SNI 2847:2013 Appendix A) compared to conventional methods (SNI 2847:2013 Article 15). The specimen is the pile cap with three-piles and concentrated load, each of which has three methods. Loading is a static load that is channeled through a column located centric towards the structure of the pile cap. The results show that: the entire test object based on the two methods have flexural crack pattern. The average load capacity of the first crack (Pcr) on the specimen was designed using the strut and tie model and the conventional method were 239.0 kN and 193.7 kN. The average of crack width on the specimen using the strut and tie model and the conventional method were 0.68 mm and 3.88 mm.Keywords: crack pattern, pile cap, three-piles, strut and tie model ABSTRAK Pada umumnya perancangan struktur pile cap masih menggunakan metode konvensional dengan asumsi semua daerah mengalami regangan linier. Akan tetapi pada kenyataannya distribusi regangan pada penampang struktur tidak selalu linier sehingga diperlukan suatu metode analisis yang rasional dengan asumsi yang mendekati kondisi sebenarnya yaitu menggunakan metode strut and tie model. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku pola retak pada pile cap yang dirancang dengan metode strut and tie model (SNI 2847:2013 Lampiran A) dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional (SNI 2847:2013 Pasal 15). Pada setiap metode terdiri dari tiga buah benda uji berupa pile cap tiga tiang dengan beban sentris. Pembebanan berupa beban statis yang disalurkan melalui kolom yang terletak sentris terhadap struktur pile cap. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan benda uji berdasarkan kedua metode mempunyai pola retak lentur (flexural crack). Untuk rata-rata kapasitas beban saat retak pertama (Pcr) pada benda uji yang dirancang menggunakan metode strut and tie model dan metode konvensional adalah sebesar 239,0 kN dan 193,7 kN. Kemudian rata-rata lebar retak pada benda uji menggunakan metode strut and tie model dan metode konvensional adalah sebesar 0,68 mm dan 3,88 mm. Kata kunci: pola retak, pile cap, tiga tiang, strut and tie model

scholarly journals ANALISIS REGANGAN BAJA TULANGAN PADA STRUKTUR PILE CAP EMPAT TIANG METODE STRUT AND TIE MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Sukarman Sukarman ◽  
Djoko Sulistyo ◽  
Inggar Septhia Irawati
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Yield Condition ◽  
Disturbed Region ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Flexural Reinforcement ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
Yield Conditions

 ABSTRACTPile cap is one of the many types of structures that are entirely Disturbed-region. The structure undergoes a non-linear strain because it was meeting point of the pile and column with centralized forces. In addition, geometry changes occur at the meeting between the column, pile cap, and pile, so the Bernoulli concept is no longer suitable for this condition. Pile cap testing consists of two groups of specimens and each group consists of three specimens. The first group was designed using the STM method (SNI 2847: 2013 Appendix A) and the second group was designed using conventional methods (SNI 2847: 2013 Article 15). Loading is the application of a centralized static load that is channeled through a centric column until the pile cap structure has collapsed. The results show that: (1) The flexural reinforcement which experiences the first yield condition both on the pile cap testing of the STM method and in the conventional method was the X direction flexural reinforcement (outsidest flexural reinforcement). (2) The average strain of the yield conditions and load on the pile cap STM method were 2242 με and 528.97 kN, whereas the conventional method were 2436 με and 437.03 kN. (3) Increasing the load capacity of the yield conditions (Py) of the pile cap STM method and conventional method on the plan load (Pn) were 32.2% and 9.3%.Keywords: pile cap, four piles, Strut and Tie Model (STM)  ABSTRAK Pile cap merupakan salah satu dari jenis struktur yang sepenuhnya merupakan daerah terganggu (Disturbed-region). Struktur tersebut mengalami regangan non-linear karena merupakan titik pertemuan pile dan kolom dengan gaya-gaya terpusat. Selain itu, terjadi perubahan geometri pada pertemuan antara kolom, pile cap, dan pile, sehingga konsep Bernoulli tidak cocok lagi pada kondisi tersebut. Pengujian pile cap terdiri dari dua kelompok benda uji dan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari tiga buah benda uji. Kelompok pertama dirancang menggunakan metode STM (SNI 2847:2013 Lampiran A) dan kelompok kedua dirancang menggunakan metode konvensional (SNI 2847:2013 Pasal 15). Pembebanan berupa penerapan beban statik terpusat yang disalurkan melalui kolom sentris sampai struktur pile cap mengalami keruntuhan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Tulangan lentur yang mengalami kondisi leleh terlebih dahulu baik pada pengujian benda uji pile cap metode STM maupun pada metode konvensional adalah tulangan lentur arah X (tulangan lentur terluar). (2) Rata-rata regangan kondisi leleh dan beban pada benda uji pile cap metode STM adalah 2242 με dan 528,97 kN, sedangkan pada metode konvensional adalah 2436 με dan 437,03 kN . (3) Peningkatan kapasitas beban kondisi leleh (Py) pada benda uji pile cap metode STM dan metode konvensional terhadap beban rencana (Pn) adalah 32,2 % dan 9,3 %. Kata kunci: pile cap, empat tiang, Strut-and-Tie Model (STM)

An evaluation of pile cap design methods in accordance with the Canadian design standard

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Cavers ◽  
Gordon A Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Design Models ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

There are a number of design methods that have been described for the design of pile caps, but there has been no consensus on which method provides the best approach for the working designer. This paper describes a study conducted to establish the performance of several pile cap design methods, particularly with respect to the Canadian standard, CSA A23.3-94. Previous research was examined to determine the basis of the design methods and the state of current research. The design methods identified were then applied to pile caps for which test data were available. The theoretical loads obtained using the various design methods were compared with the experimental loads. The results of this study indicate that two design models of the five examined are the most suitable. This study also indicates that the provisions of the Canadian design standard are adequate. A possible refinement of the strut-and-tie model incorporating a geometric limit is also outlined.Key words: building codes, footings, pile caps, reinforced concrete, structural design.

Experimental Study on Deep Four-Pile Caps with Different Reinforcement Layouts Based on 3D Strut-and-Tie Analogy

2008 ◽  
Vol 400-402 ◽  
pp. 917-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Gu ◽  
Cheng Fang Sun ◽  
Shao Min Peng
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Longitudinal Reinforcement ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Scale Ratio ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
Distributed Reinforcement

Based on 3D strut-and-tie analogy developed for analyzing the load-transferring mechanism of deep pile cap, this paper focuses on the effect of different longitudinal reinforcement layouts at the lower part of cap on the mechanical behaviors of deep four-pile cap. Besides a common layout of uniformly distributed reinforcement by the flexural theory, three different layouts of concentrated reinforcement over piles were designed by 3D strut-and-tie analogy. All specimens were limited in same reinforcement percentages, dimensions, materials and test procedures. Four specimens with the scale ratio of 1/5 were tested under the statically incremental gravity loading. The load capacity, deflection, strain of longitudinal reinforcement of specimens were measured, and the failure mode, crack propagation, deformation of specimens and stress distribution of reinforcement were analyzed. Through comparisons of the test results among all specimens, it was found that deep pile cap failed in shear and corner-pile punching whether with concentrated or uniform reinforcement, and the reinforcement concentrated over each two adjacent piles, similar to the tension bars in the strut-and-tie model, had considerable advantages than common uniform reinforcement layout. The ultimate strength of deep pile cap with concentrated reinforcement was significantly increased, while the improvement of deformation resistance and brittleness of deep pile cap was limited. According to above findings, the appropriate reinforcement layouts for deep pile cap were suggested in this paper.

Effective Strength of Concrete Struts for a Three-dimensional Four-pile Cap Strut-and-Tie Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Young Mook Yun ◽  
Young-Jae Lee ◽  
Sung-Sik Park ◽  
Seong-Cheol Lee ◽  
Sung Gun Lim
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Effective Strength ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

scholarly journals Investigating strut and tie model in deep beams

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laleh Abousaeidi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Member ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Deep Beam ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Truss Model ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
Abaqus Software

The Strut-and-Tie model (STM) approach evolves as one of the most useful design methods for shear critical structures and for other disturbed regions in concrete structures. The model provides a rational approach by representing a complex structural member with an appropriate simplified truss model. The literature review showed that there is no single unique STM for most design situations encountered. This report summarizes the STM approach and related research as well as the results of linear and nonlinear analysis of a deep beam using SAP2000 and ABAQUS Software.

ANÁLISE NUMÉRICA DE BLOCO SOBRE DUAS ESTACAS METÁLICAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Gustavo Delalibera ◽  
Vítor Freitas Gonçalvez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Structural Behavior ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Steel Piles ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
Made In

RESUMO:  Perfis metálicos são utilizadas em diversas aplicações na construção civil. No entanto, ainda existem dúvidas quanto ao comportamento estrutural de blocos de coroamento quando se utiliza estacas metálicas. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos numéricos, por meio do método dos elementos finitos, de um bloco sobre duas estacas metálicas, com o intuito de identificar tendências com relação ao comportamento estrutural bloco. Os resultados numéricos apresentaram correlações satisfatórias com os resultados experimentais, com os quais foram feitas análises comparativas. Concluiu-se que o modelo de bielas e tirantes utilizado no dimensionamento do bloco sobre estacas analisado não apresentou resultado esperado para o comportamento estrutural de blocos sobre estacas metálicas e, portanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados para se obter um modelo analítico satisfatório. ABSTRACT: Steel piles are used on various fields on civil construction. However, there are still some uncertainties about the structural behavior of pile caps supported on steel piles. On this study the finite element method was used to develop numerical models of a two-pile cap on steel pile, with the aim of identifying tendencies on the structural behavior of the element. The numerical results showed good match with the experimental results of Tomaz (2018), which were used for analysis. It was concluded that the strut and tie model proposed by Blévot & Frémy (1967), usually used on the design of pile caps, doesn’t depict the actual structural behavior of pile caps on steel piles and, therefore, further studies must be made in order to develop a better physical model.

Strength predictions of pile caps by a strut-and-tie model approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1399-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
JungWoong Park ◽  
Daniel Kuchma ◽  
Rafael Souza
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
American Concrete Institute ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Strain Compatibility ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Model Approach

In this paper, a strut-and-tie model approach is presented for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete pile caps. The proposed method employs constitutive laws for cracked reinforced concrete and considers strain compatibility. This method is used to calculate the load-carrying capacity of 116 pile caps that have been tested to failure in structural research laboratories. This method is illustrated to provide more accurate estimates of behavior and capacity than the special provisions for slabs and footings of the 1999 American Concrete Institute (ACI) code, the pile cap provisions in the 2002 CRSI design handbook, and the strut-and-tie model provisions in either the 2005 ACI code or the 2004 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.3 standard. The comparison shows that the proposed method consistently well predicts the strengths of pile caps with shear span-to-depth ratios ranging from 0.49 to 1.8 and concrete strengths less than 41 MPa. The proposed approach provides valuable insight into the design and behavior of pile caps.

scholarly journals Variation analysis effects of square and rectangular columns section with different longitudinal reinforcement rates in the main reinforcement two pile caps analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. MUNHOZ ◽  
J.S. GIONGO
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Program ◽  
Longitudinal Reinforcement ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Rectangular Section ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model ◽  
Rectangular Columns

ABSTRACT The transition between the columns of building and foundation had been used the pile-cap structural elements. The most appropriate method for the pile caps design is the Strut and Tie model. In most cases in the structural project is not considered the influence of certain parameters: the columns cross section and the amount of longitudinal reinforcement columns. This paper studies the effect of the variability of the geometric section of square and rectangular columns, with different longitudinal reinforcement rates, in the main reinforcement traction two pile caps. The basis for study was development experimental program in the Structures Laboratory of EESC-USP . The traction reinforcement bars strains are reduced the pile-caps central section to pile-caps sections that approximate cutting axis shows the experimental results. In models with columns of elongated rectangular section and with great reinforcement rates this reduction is smaller.

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