scholarly journals Key Planning Questions to Consider in Small Stream Hydrometric Monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Pike ◽  
Neil Goeller ◽  
Jonathan Goetz ◽  
Sarah Crookshanks
Keyword(s):  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Equipment Availability ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Channel Control ◽  
Hydrometric Station ◽  
Key Questions

This article provides key questions to consider when planning and operating a small stream hydrometric station. Office planning components include defining hydrometric monitoring objectives; the availability of hydrometric expertise; resource availability; safety plans and standard operating procedures; equipment availability (hydrometric station installation and streamflow measurement); sampling frequency and data availability; permissions and permitting requirements; data processing, access, and archiving; and metadata requirements. Key parts of field-based hydrometric planning include site safety; site accessibility; flow variability; channel control features; flow containment, diversions and additions; low flow considerations; high flow considerations; flow measurement challenges in small streams; benchmarks and survey criteria; and public safety and vandalism. Theoverall  goal of the article is to help non-professionals collect better hydrometric data and to highlight the varied planning aspects of typical hydrometric installations and operations.

scholarly journals Selection of Small Stream Basins and Characteristics Analysis of Closed-circuit Television-based Automated Discharge Measurement Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Jaeseung Joo ◽  
Hyun Hyuk Byeon ◽  
Seojun Kim ◽  
Tae Sung Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Methods ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Closed Circuit Television ◽  
Discharge Measurement ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Basin Area

The purpose of this study is to produce a guideline for collecting essential data, such as hydraulic and hydrologic data, in unmeasured streams. Most small streams are unmeasured basins, and sufficient data has not been collected for designing floods to achieve adequate disaster response and management. The flood design of unmeasured streams in Korea is typically performed using numerical-based analysis and stochastic methods. However, it is known that the most suitable method is the flood frequency analysis using observed flood data. In this study, a field survey of 89 small streams across the country for two years (2018 and 2019) was performed to select the optimum sites for measuring the flow rates. A total of 79 small streams were selected, excluding small streams that failed to satisfy the criteria for conformity with the closed-circuit television-based automatic discharge measurement technology (CADMT). In addition, information on the characteristics of the small streams was collected from the National Disaster Management System to analyze the correlations between the selected streams. The results showed that the correlations significantly depended on the basin area. If we classify the small streams according to the basin area and then select the small measuring stream to apply CADMT, we can obtain useful hydraulic data from the various small streams.

scholarly journals Predicting the annual erosion rates on a small stream by the BANCS model

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 200-211
Author(s):  
Zuzana Allmanová ◽  
Mária Vlčková ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Michal Allman ◽  
Helena Hlavatá
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Index ◽  
Bank Erosion ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Real Relationship ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
The Real ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erosion Prediction ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
The Relationship

The erosion of streambanks causes soil loss and degrades the stream habitat. To optimize the prevention of bank erosion, we first need to determine the most vulnerable places on banks. This can be done by the BANCS model. However, data are still missing on its accuracy in small streams. We measured the real annual erosion rates on 18 experimental sections established on the Lomnická stream. Using the Near Bank Stress (NBS) and Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) we developed the erosion prediction curves and evaluated the relationship between these two indices and the real annual erosion rates. We found a strong relationship between BEHI and real annual erosion rates, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.72. The relationship between the NBS index and real annual erosion rates was also strong, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.53. Then we constructed erosion prediction curves for very high and extreme BEHI and for moderate and high BEHI. Despite the strong correlation between BEHI and annual erosion rates, the prediction curves had no real relationship with real annual erosion rates, with R<sup>2</sup>= 0.004 and 0.15, respectively.  

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Rare Earth Elements: Gadolinium in a Small Catchment in Guizhou Province, Southwest China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 4052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jue Zhang ◽  
Zhuhong Wang ◽  
Qixin Wu ◽  
Yanling An ◽  
Huipeng Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Weak Reaction ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Gd Anomaly

Rare earth elements (REEs), known as “industrial vitamins”, are widely used in medical treatment, industry, agriculture, etc. However, with the increasing demand for REEs, excess REEs, such as gadolinium (Gd), are considered micropollutants in the environment. In this paper, the distributions of dissolved REEs were analyzed in three small streams, in order to determine the extent and occurrence of Gd anomalies. The shale-normalized REE patterns in the three streams were less smooth with heavy REEs higher than light REEs, for a weak reaction of the heavy REE complexes. A negative Ce (cerium) anomaly and positive samarium (Sm) and europium (Eu) anomalies were observed in the three streams and the negative Ce anomaly was affected by the pH of the alkaline rivers. However, a positive Gd anomaly was found in only a typical urban small stream, Jinzhong. With a population of approximately 60,000, Jinzhong runs by a hospital and through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The concentrations of Gd in Jinzhong ranged from 1.54 to 86.65 ng/L with high anthropogenic Gd proportions (63.64%–98.07%). Anthropogenic Gd showed significant seasonal variations and distinct spatial disparities from upstream to downstream, and it was associated with certain ions such as Cl−. Anthropogenic Gd could be attributed to gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA), which is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hospitals. This type of Gd was shown to be correlated with municipal wastewater. Due to the high stability and low particulate reactivity in water, anthropogenic Gd has great potential to serve as a tracer to prove the presence of medical wastewater.

scholarly journals Extreme flow variability analysis at the Bianouan hydrometric station on the Bia River watershed in Côte d'Ivoire

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Kan Martin Kouassi ◽  
Koffi Blaise Yao ◽  
Kouakou Lazare Kouassi ◽  
Jean Biemi ◽  
Nagnin Soro
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Extreme Flows ◽  
Low Flows ◽  
Variable Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Flow Variables ◽  
Hydrometric Station

Abstract. Extreme hydrological phenomena recurrence in West Africa in recent decades is a problem in the anthropized watershed management. Link analysis between extreme hydrological phenomena and climate variability is necessary to guard against their consequences. However, qualitative data accessing difficulties and explanatory variable definition of extremes hydrological phenomena limit extreme flows rate studies. This study proposes the analysis the variability of the floods and the low flows at the Bianouan hydrometric station. Thus, five (5) floods characteristics variables (QCX5, QXJA, F90p, F95p and F99p) and three (3) for, the low flows (VCN10, QJNA and F10p) were extracted daily flows from the Bianouan hydrometric station from 1 January 1962 to 31 December 2005. The variability of these extremes has been studied by the trend analysis (linear regression) and of the stationarity (Pettitt and Hubert tests). The results show that for flood variables the negative trend is very significant and ruptures are observed in 1980. For low flow variables the negative trend is significant and the ruptures are observed in 1981. From this study, we can deduce that the ruptures observed in the rains and flows average in the end 1960s and early 1970s have affected later the extreme flows around the 1980s.

scholarly journals Managing the small stream network for improved water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services protection (SSNet)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kelly-Quinn ◽  
Michael Bruen ◽  
Jens Carlsson ◽  
Angela Gurnell ◽  
Helen Jarvie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Small Streams

This paper outlines the research being undertaken by the recently-initiated four-year (to March 2022) project on the small stream network in Ireland (SSNet) funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The overarching objective of SSNet is to advance knowledge on the role of small streams in water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services protection that will inform policy, measures and management options to meet water quality and other resources protection targets. The project will start with a synthesis of available information on the importance of small streams to initiate communication with stakeholders and introduce the project. This will be followed by a compilation and analysis of existing data on small streams in Ireland to inform the selection of sites for the proposed research. Three work packages will collect new data on hydrochemistry with a focus on the nutrient retention potential of headwater streams, hydromorphology and biodiversity. All three investigations will share common sites to enable interconnections between the three elements to be explored and provide an integrated approach to the research. Modelling based on the results from each of the aforementioned tasks will be used to estimate the level of intervention in the small stream network required to have measurable effects throughout a catchment on both water quality (N, P &amp; sediment) and flows, and overall delivery/maintenance of ecosystem services. We will also engage volunteers in both biological water quality and hydromorphological assessments and evaluate the potential of citizen science in facilitating greater monitoring coverage of the small stream network.

scholarly journals Distribution of Agonostomus monticola and Brycon behreae in the Río Grande de Térraba, Costa Rica and relations with water flow

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Cotta Ribeiro ◽  
Gerardo Umaña Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Main River ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Study Population ◽  
June July ◽  
Fish Habitats ◽  
Made In

Fish monthly samples were made in three tributaries and in the main stream in order to study population dynamics and the influence of flow on abundance of Agonostomus monticola (Mugilidae) and Brycon behreae (Characidae) in the basin of Térraba River Basin (Costa Rica). Flow was seasonal in these rivers, with peak flow in October. Recruitment was different among the species, B. behreae recruited from January to June and A. monticola all year round with a peak in June-July and October-November. Juveniles were more abundant in smaller streams. Abundance was higher in general during low flow and low turbidity periods. The results suggest that the streams have an important role in the maintenance of both species in the ecosystem, where juveniles can use the streams as nursing habitats during their development, allowing these small streams to be considered as essential fish habitats. Also, it was determined that the increased volume and turbidity of water can significantly affect the proportion of adults and juveniles between the main river and its tributaries.

Effects of low flow and co-occurring stressors on structural and functional characteristics of the benthic biofilm in small streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 139331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Baattrup-Pedersen ◽  
Daniel Graeber ◽  
Helena Kallestrup ◽  
Kun Guo ◽  
Jes Jessen Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Flow ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Small Streams

Nutrient retention efficiency of small regulated streams during the season of low-flow regime in Central Lithuanian lowland

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerijus Gasiūnas ◽  
Jelena Lysovienė
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Total P

Small streams are polluted with nutrients when crude or partially treated wastewater flows from settlements. The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of small streams to self-purify themselves of nutrients during the season of low-flow regime. The study was carried out in five regulated streams with catchments of up to 30 km2 in the Central Lithuanian lowland. The retention of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compounds was studied up to 5.2 km downstream from the settlements. Owing to the pollution load from settlements, the concentrations of total N increased from 2.0–3.0 above the settlements to 6.75 ± 2.07 mg L−1 below; the concentrations of total P increased from 0.03–0.07 to 0.56 ± 0.30 mg L−1, with the stream's ecological state deteriorating to ‘poor’ and ‘bad’. For the calculation of total N retention, with respect to the pollution load and the distance from the settlement, an empirical equation was derived. Calculations show that with a pollution load of 2.0 g N m−3 at 5.0 km distance, around 90% of total N can be retained. However, when the load is threefold greater, at the same distance only 65% of total N is retained. As a result of self-purification processes only about 50% of total P may be retained.

A Retrospective Survey of Asthma Management in Hospital

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 328-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Bucknall ◽  
F. Moran ◽  
R. D. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Inhaled Steroids ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Oral Steroids ◽  
Medical Wards

A retrospective survey of asthma admissions to general medical units during 1983 is described. 127 cases occurred, of whom 52 were males (44%). The average age was 45.2 years. Forty-eight per cent were receiving inhaled steroids or cromoglycate before admission and 16% regular oral steroids. Initial assessment seldom included peak flow measurement although these were made subsequently in 57%. No steroids were used in 32% of cases. No oxygen was given in 48% of cases and when used was usually at low flow rates. Apart from a reducing course of steroids, 46% of cases were discharged with no increase in pre-admission maintenance treatment and although follow-up was planned for 76% it was for an average 4.9 weeks later. This survey suggests a tendency to under-treatment and undersupervision of asthma patients admitted to acute general medical wards which may well be a cause of unnecessary morbidity.

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