scholarly journals Enhancing competitiveness and connectivity: The new US-Mexico air services agreement

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Drew M Stapleton ◽  
Vivek Pande
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
Air Cargo ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
High Level ◽  
The U.S

Beginning this year, U.S. cargo and passenger airlines will have an opportunity to compete for a bigger share of freight trade and traffic between the U.S. and Mexico. This opportunity will occur as a result of the new Air Services Agreement (ASA) between the U.S. and Mexico that took effect in January, 2016. This ASA further elevates and strengthens the dynamic commercial and economic relationship between the United States and Mexico by facilitating greater trade and tourism. It is a key element of the U.S.-Mexico High Level Economic Dialogue (HLED) that aims to promote competitiveness and connectivity, foster economic growth, productivity and innovation, and partner for regional and global leadership (U.S. Department of State 2014). This paper (i) explains the genesis and impact of HLED, (ii) provides a brief historical perspective on air services agreements in general and freedoms of the air, (iii) summarizes the major principles of the previous US-Mexico ASA of 1960, as amended in 2005, (iv) outlines the essential elements of the new US-Mexico ASA that is scheduled to take effect in January 2016, (v) describes the likely effects of the new ASA on regional and global air cargo traffic and supply chains, and lastly (vi) provides some directions for future scholarly research.

Is There a LatAm-US-China Economic Triangle?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Bilateral Approach ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
Near Term ◽  
The One ◽  
Investment In China ◽  
The U.S

Latin America experienced economic ups and downs in the past decade, and faces a gloomy outlook for 2015–2020. This chapter first delineates the near-term growth prospects for the region, examining the subregional patterns closely with three national cases—Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela—and analyzing the external constraints for the region’s economic growth. It then examines the major challenges ahead for the region with analysis of Latin America’s economic relationship with the United States and China, respectively. On the one hand, while the U.S.’s current bilateral approach leaves the economic relationship with the region fragmented, the economic and trade cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America can be strengthened through fostering productive integration and the development of regional value chains oriented toward the U.S. market. On the other hand, China’s growing presence in the region poses challenges to Latin America countries, namely achieving export diversification, diversification of Chinese investments in the region, and Latin investment in China and Asia-Pacific.

The Inclusion of Persons With Disabilities in U.S. Foreign Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 104420732095976
Author(s):  
Valerie L. Karr ◽  
Ashley Van Edema ◽  
Megan McCloskey ◽  
Krista Geden ◽  
Jim Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Accountability Measures ◽  
The U.S

Persons with disabilities living in developing countries look to the United States—the world’s largest contributor to Official Development Assistance (ODA) by volume—as a steadfast supporter of inclusion. This case study examined disability inclusion within the current policies and practices of four federal agencies responsible for either funding or executing U.S. foreign assistance activities. The agencies of interest were the U.S. Department of State (DOS), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Peace Corps (PC), and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). Core areas of investigation were (a) agency disability policies and guidance, (b) the inclusion of persons with disabilities in foreign assistance programs, (c) the employment of persons with disabilities within federal agencies, and (d) physical accessibility of federal agencies. Key findings show that while some progress has been made in regard to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in U.S. foreign aid, a persistent lack of formal accountability measures impedes the inclusion of persons with disabilities diffusing responsibility and results within and across agencies.

Advisory Committee to the U.S. Department of State on Historical Documentation Annual Report, 1978

1979 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 330-333 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Fiscal Constraint ◽  
American Foreign Relations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

The 22nd annual meeting of the Advisory Committee on Historical Documentation met in Washington on November 3, 1978, with the officers and staff of the Historical Office of the U.S. Department of State, and with other officials in the Bureau of Public Affairs, the Department and the government who are concerned with the release and publication of historical documentation on American foreign relations. The Committee, formerly called the Advisory Committee onForeign Relations of the United States, continues to be concerned chiefly with theForeign Relationsseries as the major form of the Department's historical documentation.The leitmotiv of the meeting—continuing from last year—was the problem of the appropriate adaptation of the series to fiscal constraint. The problem is the more acute because theForeign Relationsseries is now dealing with the 1950s, where it confronts a veritable explosion of documentation involving other agencies of government as well as the Department of State. This expansion of the relevant historical record comes at a time when increases in the budget have barely been able to keep up with the pace of inflation, thus holding practically constant the real resources available for publication.

Lessons Learned Siting and Successfully Processing U.S. DOE Radioactive Wastes Using a High Throughput Vitrification Process

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prince ◽  
Bradley W. Bowan
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Waste Form ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Hanford Site ◽  
High Level ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Ceramic Melter

This paper describes actual experience applying a technology to achieve volume reduction while producing a stable waste form for low and intermediate level liquid (L/ILW) wastes, and the L/ILW fraction produced from pre-processing of high level wastes. The chief process addressed will be vitrification. The joule-heated ceramic melter vitrification process has been used successfully on a number of waste streams produced by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This paper will address lessons learned in achieving dramatic improvements in process throughput, based on actual pilot and full-scale waste processing experience. Since 1991, Duratek, Inc., and its long-term research partner, the Vitreous State Laboratory of The Catholic University of America, have worked to continuously improve joule heated ceramic melter vitrification technology in support of waste stabilization and disposition in the United States. From 1993 to 1998, under contact to the DOE, the team designed, built, and operated a joule-heated melter (the DuraMelterTM) to process liquid mixed (hazardous/low activity) waste material at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina. This melter produced 1,000,000 kilograms of vitrified waste, achieving a volume reduction of approximately 70 percent and ultimately producing a waste form that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) delisted for its hazardous classification. The team built upon its SRS M Area experience to produce state-of-the-art melter technology that will be used at the DOE’s Hanford site in Richland, Washington. Since 1998, the DuraMelterTM has been the reference vitrification technology for processing both the high level waste (HLW) and low activity waste (LAW) fractions of liquid HLW waste from the U.S. DOE’s Hanford site. Process innovations have doubled the throughput and enhanced the ability to handle problem constituents in LAW. This paper provides lessons learned from the operation and testing of two facilities that provide the technology for a vitrification system that will be used in the stabilization of the low level fraction of Hanford’s high level tank wastes.

scholarly journals Reveal 8-Hour Test System for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Ground Beef, Raw Beef Cubes, and Iceberg Lettuce Rinse: Collaborative Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B Bird ◽  
Rebecca J Hoerner ◽  
Lawrence Restaino ◽  
G Anderson ◽  
W Birbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test System ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
High Level ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Five different food types were analyzed by the Reveal for E. coli O157:H7 8-Hour Test System (Reveal 8) and either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) culture method or the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) culture method for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. A total of 27 laboratories representing academia and private industry in the United States and Canada participated. Food types were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 at 2 different levels: a high level where predominantly positive results were expected, and a low level where fractional recovery was anticipated. During this study, 1110 samples and controls were analyzed by both the Reveal 8 and by BAM or FSIS by each of the collaborators (2220 samples in total). For each set of samples, 740 were artificially inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, and 370 were uninoculated controls. The Reveal 8 detected 528 presumptive positives of which 487 were confirmed positive by the BAM culture method. In comparison, BAM and FSIS detected 489 of the 740 artificially contaminated samples as positive. In an additional in-house study performed only on chilled and frozen raw ground beef, 240 artificially inoculated samples were analyzed by both the Reveal 8 and by FSIS. The Reveal 8 detected and confirmed 104 samples as positive compared to 79 confirmed positive by FSIS.

Basic U. S. Sources For Current Research In International Law: An Elementary Vade-Mecum

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolf Sprudzs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S

Among the many old and new actors on the international stage of nations the United States is one of the most active and most important. The U.S. is a member of most existing intergovernmental organizations, participates in hundreds upon hundreds of international conferences and meetings every year and, in conducting her bilateral and multilateral relations with the other members of the community of nations, contributes very substantially to the development of contemporary international law. The Government of the United States has a policy of promptly informing the public about developments in its relations with other countries through a number of documentary publication, issued by the Department of State

Can Information Decrease Political Polarization? Evidence From the U.S. Taxpayer Receipt

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Duhaime ◽  
Evan P. Apfelbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
White House ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
High Level ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Do So

Scholars, politicians, and laypeople alike bemoan the high level of political polarization in the United States, but little is known about how to bring the views of liberals and conservatives closer together. Previous research finds that providing people with information regarding a contentious issue is ineffective for reducing polarization because people process such information in a biased manner. Here, we show that information can reduce political polarization below baseline levels and also that its capacity to do so is sensitive to contextual factors that make one’s relevant preferences salient. Specifically, in a nationally representative sample (Study 1) and a preregistered replication (Study 2), we find that providing a taxpayer receipt—an impartial, objective breakdown of how one’s taxes are spent that is published annually by the White House—reduces polarization regarding taxes, but not when participants are also asked to indicate how they would prefer their taxes be spent.

The Maquiladora Industry: Recent Downturn And Future Prospects

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Gorjidooz ◽  
Bijan Vasigh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Bracero Program ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The U.S

The Maquiladora industry was created in the mid-1960 as the United States terminated the Bracero program. The main objective of the Bracero program was to bring in Mexican workers to fulfill U.S. agricultural labor demand. The end of the Bracero program left thousands of unemployed farm workers in Mexican cities bordering the U.S. The Maquiladora programs intent was to subsidize foreign manufacturers that set up plants on the Mexico side of the border to create jobs for the Mexican workers. Mexico allowed plants to temporarily import supplies, parts, machinery, and equipment necessary to produce goods and services in Mexico duty-free as long as the output was exported back to the United States. U.S. firms, as well as other multinational companies, responded enthusiastically to the lure of cheap labor. Mexico experienced high economic growth and become a major player in exporting intra-industry products to the U.S. The NAFTA and other free trade agreements signed by Mexico helped the economic growth of the Maquiladora region. Maquiladora employment increased significantly since the inception of the Maquiladora industry and Maquiladora exports now account for half of Mexicos total exports. The Maquiladora industry is U.S.-demand driven since most of Mexicos Maquiladora production is destined for the U.S. market. The recent recession in the U.S. took a heavy toll on Mexicos Maquiladora industry. Another challenge to the Maquiladora industry is raising global competition, particularly from China. Therefore, the magnitude of the industrys contraction during the most recent recession suggests that there are more factors influencing the industry than just the business cycle. This paper presents the creation of the Maquiladora industry, its success following the NAFTA agreement, and its recent downturn. It also explores the answers to the following questions: How much of the Maquiladora downturn was due to the business cycle? How much was due to structural change? Is the Maquiladora industry ready to face rising global competition?

The Creation of the Tribunals

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190
Author(s):  
Michael J. Matheson ◽  
David Scheffer
Keyword(s):  
War Crimes ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Legal Adviser ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The U.S

This article offers a U.S. perspective on the creation of the Yugoslav and Rwanda criminal tribunals as each nears its conclusion following more than twenty years of judicial proceedings. During the period in which the tribunals were created, one of us (MJM) was the Acting Legal Adviser or Principal Deputy Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State, and the other (DS) was Senior Adviser and Counsel to the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations and was subsequently the first U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues. Given the leading role played by the United States in the process of creating the tribunals, we hope that our perspective might help to illuminate the critical issues faced at that time.

scholarly journals Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the Events in Afghanistan in the Late 1970s

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Taisiуa Rabush ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
East Region ◽  
The U.S

Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan – from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret correspondence of the U.S. foreign policy agencies, documents of the U.S. National Security Archive, and special volumes on Afghanistan and the Middle East in “Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers, 1977–1980”. Thanks to these sources, it is possible to prove that the involvement of the states of the region in the Afghan armed conflict and its internationalization began even before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Analysis. First, an overview of the objectives pursued by these states in Afghanistan and in the internal Afghan armed conflict is given. Following this, the author consistently reveals the position of these states in relation to the April Revolution of 1978, the ever-increasing Soviet involvement in the Afghan events (1978–1979) and the civil war that started against the Kabul government. Results. In conclusion the article reveals the role of these states in the process of internationalization of the Afghan armed conflict, which, according to the author, began before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.

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