scholarly journals Participação cidadã e reconfigurações nas políticas urbanas nos anos 90

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia De Paula Duque Brasil
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Municipal Council ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Urban Planning And Management

O artigo aborda as instâncias de participação nas políticas urbanas que se multiplicam no cenário contemporâneo, a partir do trânsito de projetos societários endereçados à democratização do planejamento e da gestão das cidades. Sustenta-se que, a despeito da heterogeneidade das experiências, dos seus limites, dificuldades e contradições (inerentes ao processo de reconstrução das relações entre Estado e sociedade no Brasil), os canais de participação têm configurado trilhas alternativas e novas linhagens de políticas locais. No primeiro momento discutem-se os conceitos de público e participação cidadã, mapeando possibilidades de influência dos atores societários na formação da agenda e produção das políticas urbanas. No momento seguinte, as instâncias de participação são objeto de exame, privilegiando-se os Conselhos Municipais de Política Urbana, suas características, papéis, potenciais e alcances. Finalmente, detém-se ilustrativamente no Conselho Municipal de Política Urbana e na Conferência Municipal de Política Urbana de Belo Horizonte.Palavras-chave: participação cidadã; política urbana; conselhos municipais. Abstract: This article addresses citizens participation in urban policies, focusing on participatory arrangements implemented by local governments since the late eighties in Brazilian context. These experiences could be regarded as expressions of collective actors democratizing projects referred to urban planning and management. This paper argues that, despite the experiences diversity, their limits, difficulties and contradictions, participation have produced alternative policies models. First, the text approaches public space and citizens participation concepts and stresses civil society possibilities to influence agenda-setting and policy-making process. Next, local-level participatory arrangements are examined, emphasizing urban policy municipal councils. Their character, roles, potentials and limits are pointed out. Last, Belo Horizonte’s Urban Policy Municipal Council and the Urban Policy Municipal Conference are analyzed as an illustrative case.Keywords: citizens participation; urban policies; municipal councils. 

scholarly journals Participatory governance and responsiveness: Do motivational interventions increase engagement with citizen input?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Sophie Wittels
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Informal Controls ◽  
Motivational Interventions ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Gate Keeping ◽  
Meaningful Engagement

Participatory mechanisms are now widely used by national and local governments in developed and developing countries. While their purpose and form varies greatly, they all rely on the discretion of a professionalised bureaucracy to manage these processes and prepare their outcomes in a manner that they can feed into policy-making. Bureaucrats thus have a gate-keeping role. They can substantially influence whether and how information from participatory processes feeds into policy-making. Bureaucrats can thereby impact to what extent participatory mechanisms can deliver on their promise of giving citizens greater direct control over the policy-making process. Formal political control over the bureaucracy is limited in this case. Could informal controls make bureaucrats comply more with the demands of participatory mechanisms? This study employs a large field experiment (N=7,532) to test (1) whether citizen input filters through to bureaucrats tasked with policy design and implementation and (2) whether bureaucrats’ engagement with citizen input can be in- creased by using non-monetary rewards and value-based communication. The experiment accounts for heterogeneity by bureaucrat seniority, central versus street-level roles and involvement in the collection of citizen input. It finds no meaningful engagement at the baseline (C=0%) but that motivational interventions can significantly increase engagement (T1= 14%, T2=15%). The findings suggest that currently little input from citizens filters through to bureaucrats, but small tweaks substantially increase the democratic potential of participatory initiatives.

Policy-making at local level: an analysis of Turkish municipalities

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Ulaş Bayraktar
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Radical Transformation

Turkish local governments have undergone a radical transformation since the 1980s. Accompanied by a rhetoric of decentralising and democratising reforms, related legal changes have been criticised in the light of either nationalist or democratic, participatory concerns. At the heart of such important waves of legal reforms lay the municipalities as the main service provider in urban settings. This chapter presents a general overview of the state of policy analysis in Turkish municipalities. It argues that municipalities governed by very strong executives, prioritise populist services delivered through subcontracts and controlled weakly by political and civil actors and arbitrarily by the central government. The classical public policy cycle approach will inform the discussion.

Urban poverty, issues, policies and actions

Social Change ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-73
Author(s):  
T. M. Vinod Kumar ◽  
Gayatri
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Global Exchange

“Urban poverty and its attendant human cost is perhaps the single greatest challenge of our time. The future of our towns and cities, which is where most humanity will live in the next century, hinges on our tackling it successfully. The centerpiece of urban policy as we enter the 21st Century must therefore be the struggle against poverty, with goals such as the integration of the informal city, the recovery and democratic use of public space, and the reversal of the trend towards the concentration of wealth and opportunities, which so often ends in a spiral of violence…. “The struggle against urban poverty is a world challenge. To succeed, we need to tap the experience of individuals and organizations in the South as well as in the North, promoting an exchange that, more than the answers, will teach us what questions to ask. To this end, people living in poverty must take part in communications networks, which are often monopolized by intermediaries and experts. The role of experts is important, but mechanisms should be developed to facilitate direct, horizontal, global exchange…. “Such horizontal, direct contacts must involve local governments, the pivate sector, non-governmental and community organizations. And if public pollicies are to respond to real needs, these must be built out of experience, and their formulation and implementation must involve the people for whom they are intended…. “To do this, safety nets are not enough. Let us resolve to invest in the struggle against urban poverty, to invest in the poor themselves. Let us help people confronted with poverty in their efforts. New means of communication and successful experiences demonstrate that this can be done in a demoy-lXcratic and affordable manner. The struggle against poverty cannot be relegated to second-class expertise and technology. It is a huge challenge. It deserves the best.” (’Recife Declaration March 1996 Habitat II on ‘Urban Poverty-a World Challenge’).

scholarly journals The Dynamic Relationship between Immigrant Politics and Urban Policy Making: Protecting the Rights of Undocumented Immigrants in Boston and Amsterdam

2020 ◽  
pp. 107808742094460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Christian van Eck
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Fields ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Immigrant Rights ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Citizenship Regimes ◽  
Immigrant Politics

With the advancement of comparative studies within the field of immigration and sociopolitical movements, scholars have attempted to understand how politico-institutional contexts influence the mobilization strategies of immigrant rights organizations at the local level. In this article, I make use of a field approach to explain how these organizations face different group-and issue-specific conditions regarding their involvement in local policy-making processes. Empirically, I examine the advocacy work of immigrant rights organizations in their aim to protect the rights of undocumented immigrants in Boston (USA) and Amsterdam (the Netherlands). By approaching power and resistance as relational phenomena, the results indicate that the intersection of distinct institutional and organizational mechanisms has differently impacted the local fields of immigrant politics. Taking different routes, in both cities immigrant rights organizations have found ways to constitute an affirmative institutional and discursive counterpower that challenges the national exclusionary citizenship regimes from the ground.

scholarly journals Policy mobilities, politics and place: The making of financial urban futures

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Ward
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Tax Increment Financing ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Political Work ◽  
Urban Futures ◽  
Policy Mobilities ◽  
Creativity Climate

The comparative and extrospective nature of contemporary urban policy-making is one that has demanded our attention in recent years. Relatively long established and formal inter-urban networks of professionals of one sort or another have been joined by activists, consultants, financiers, lawyers and think tankers who have involved themselves in the arriving at, and making up of, urban policy. Through conferences, documents, knowledge banks, policy tourism, power-points and webinars, an emergent informational infrastructure has emerged to shape and structure the circulations and making of policy-making across a numbers of areas. From aging to creativity, climate change to drugs, education to transport, urban policies in different spheres have been rendered mobile. There is political work of adaptation, mediation and translation that has to be done to move policies from one location to another, of course. In some cases these policies appear in a range of locations, while in others they do not, a reminder – if one was needed – that those involved in the making up of policy are not always able to render all elements of the future under their control. This emphasis on the relational and territorial geographies of global-urban policy-making captures some of the issues facing those who lead cities. This paper sets out some of the intellectial challenges for those working on these issues, highlighting some potentially fruitful ways forward, illustrating the main arguments through the use of Tax Increment Financing, a financial value-capturing model.

scholarly journals Urban Policy in Times of Crisis: The Policy Capacity of European Cities and the Role of Multi-Level Governance

2021 ◽  
pp. 107808742110417
Author(s):  
Roberta Cucca ◽  
Costanzo Ranci
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Policy Capacity ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Multi Level

This article investigates how the policy capacity of urban governments in Europe to deal with the social challenges caused by the 2008-2009 financial crisis, has been strongly shaped by the institutional multi-level governance (MLG) settings in which cities were embedded. We consider the financial crisis as an important ‘stress test’ for urban policy. Urban governments faced a highly complex, trilemmatic situation: they faced not only growing social and economic problems at the local level, but also a process of devolution of institutional responsibility from central to local governments, and important cuts in central funding. Our analysis is based on an empirical investigation carried out between 2009 and 2016 in six major European cities: Barcelona, Copenhagen, Lyon, Manchester, Milan, and Munich. What clearly emerges from the research is that European cities may still show a certain capacity to innovate and govern economic changes and social challenges only if supported by an enabling MLG system.

What about Black Women?

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-269
Author(s):  
Julia S. Jordan-Zachery
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Black Politics ◽  
President Obama ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
Black Womanhood ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The Relationship

Using the Urban and Economic Mobility initiative undertaken by President Obama, I explore how and if race-gender is recognized in the framing of urban policy during the Obama administration. There is a distinctive race-gender dimension to urban policy. In urban areas, data suggests that poverty is both raced and gendered. The purpose of this chapter is to engage in an analysis of the relationship between race-gender and space in relation to urban policy-making. This analysis specifically looks at how Black women are treated in the urban policy-making process of the Obama administration. However, it also serves as an analysis into how Black women are understood in Black politics more specifically as it grapples with the larger question of how ideologies of gender, which often engage a rather masculinist approach, influence the quest for freedom and equality. An analysis of the Obama administration is somewhat of a proxy for an analysis of how gender, particularly Black womanhood, is treated in Black politics. As I argue, the ideologies of gender that influence urban policy, resulting in the invisibility of Black womanhood, are also prevalent in Black politics. What should Black politics look like beyond Obama?

China’s Foreign Policy Making Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Suisheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
Bureaucratic Agencies

China’s foreign policy must rely on opaque and behind-the-scenes coordination organs to work through a large number of bureaucratic agencies of the state, party, and military, whose primary roles are information gathering and the implementation and recommendation of policy. In addition, some new players, such as think tanks, media, local governments, and transnational corporations, have played a variety of roles to influence China’s foreign policy. This chapter examines the evolving role of the paramount leader, the foreign policy coordination and elaboration organs, the bureaucracies, and the new players in the making and transformation of China’s foreign policy. Providing a historical overview, it also observes how President Xi Jinping has centralized and personalized foreign policy making power in the name of strengthening a unified party leadership.

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