APPLICATION OF THE VORTEX LAYER APPARATUS FOR MECHANICAL GRINDING OF SUBSTANCES IN A WATER FLOW

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (143) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Viktor S. Grigor’yev ◽  
◽  
Il’ya V. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Vortex Layer ◽  
Pre Treatment

With the expansion of the crushing equipment for various substances, the issues of the energy intensity of the process, the duration of grinding, the profitability of the devices with the required quality of grinding are acute. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in justifying the technical solutions for the use of vortex layer apparatuses as activators of the processes of crushing and converting organic agricultural waste during their pre-treatment for further utilization in biogas plants. (Materials and methods) Authors evaluated the efficiency of pretreatment of animal waste in the developed 1.3 kilowatt vortex layer apparatus; steel needles were used as ferromagnetic elements with a diameter/length ratio of 1/10. Logical analysis of existing experimental data on the processes occurring in the vortex layer apparatuses with the use of control equipment and statistical data processing were used as research methods. (Results and discussion) The article presents the most significant factors affecting the biogas yield in the vortex layer apparatuses. Cavitation and the mechanical action of ferromagnetic elements have the greatest influence on the processes of waste crushing. The use of vortex layer devices stimulates the microbiological activity of metagens of biogas plant, eliminates possible clogging of communications with the available inclusion of vortex layer devices in the existing technological scheme. (Conclusions) The article proposes the design of the vortex layer apparatus with an installed capacity of 1.3 kilowatts and a capacity of two liters per minute. It is advisable to use vortex layer devices for fine grinding of plant products and waste, preparation of stable colloidal solutions and intensification of chemical and microbiological processes with high productivity and low specific energy consumption.

Screening of Factors Affecting Pre-Treatment by Ammonia-N Removal from Poultry Manure Wastewater by Using Soil Water to Improve Biogas Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
Nina Farhana Mohd Jamaludin ◽  
Norazwina Zainol
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Pre Treatment

In this study, best pre-treatment condition of poultry manure wastewater (PMW) was determined from factorial analysis for the purpose of improving biogas production. Five factors were chosen for factorial screening namely: agitation (0 or 200 rpm), reaction time (2 to 5 hours), type of soil (peat soil or poultry farm soil), soil to water ratio (1:1 or 1:4) and PMW to soil water (SW) ratio (1:4 or 2:3). Based on the result, agitation gave highest contribution in pre-treatment of PMW at 38.36% followed by PMW to SW ratio at 29.76% contribution. In term of interaction, agitation and reaction gave the highest contribution to pre-treatment of PMW at 3.33% contribution. The best pre-treatment condition suggested by Design Expert software was using peat soil as source of soil at SW ratio of 1:6, and mixed with PMW at 1:4 ratio without agitation for 5 hours reaction time. Application of this best pre-treatment condition showed improvement in biogas yield by 82 % from 0.0045 L/g COD using untreated PMW to 0.0248 L/g COD using treated PMW.

System of preliminary treatment of substrates of methantenks in the apparatus of the vortex layer with heat recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Viktor S. Grigor’ev ◽  
Andrey A. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Preliminary Treatment ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Vortex Layer ◽  
Temperature Mode ◽  
Pre Treatment

The studying of energy balance for the analysis of thermal processes carried out at the stage of preliminary treatment of substrates is an urgent task. The energy balance is necessary for the subsequent studying the material balance of the developed system with heat recovery and for its energy analysis. The proposed method of substrate pre-treatment in the digester apparatus of the vortex layer allows to increase the biogas yield by 7-10 percent. At the same time, a new source of low-potential energy appears in the form of a heat carrier used for cooling the vortex layer apparatus, which, with the additional use of a heat pump, will reduce energy consumption to maintain the temperature mode of the methane tank. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in creation of technological shape of the system of preliminary treatment of substrate to anaerobic digestion, developing the energy balance of the proposed scheme and determine criteria to evaluate the proposed scheme for post-processing of experimental data. (Materials and methods) Authors used information research methods, including standard analytical methods of modern system approach, processing and analysis. The article presents analytical studies based on the well-known laws of heat engineering and thermodynamics. (Results and discussion) Based on the energy balance of the proposed system, the criteria for evaluating the system of pre-treatment of the substrate for anaerobic digestion with heat recovery of the vortex layer apparatus were determined: ensuring preheating of the initial substrate to the temperature of the anaerobic fermentation process; ensuring the temperature mode of operation of the coil of the vortex layer apparatus; ensuring the energy efficiency of the proposed system. (Conclusions) It was found that the functional dependencies based on the energy balance of the proposed system allow evaluating the effectiveness of this system. It was found that further selection of technological equipment and calculation of the material balance of the proposed system is carried out based on the energy balance.

Factors affecting the adhesion of micro-organisms to the surfaces of plant-parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Bird ◽  
Ingrid Bonig ◽  
A. Bacic
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pasteuria Penetrans ◽  
Con A ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pas Staining ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Dauer Larvae

SummaryThe influence of various agents on the adhesion of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans to the nematode Meloidogyne javanica was studied. Similarly, but to a lesser degree, we have also studied the adhesion of conidia of the fungus Dilophospora alopecuri and the coryneform bacterium Clavibacter sp. (syn. Corynebacterium rathayi) to the nematode Anguina agrostis (syn. A. funesta). Reduction in the degree of both spore and conidial attachment following their pre-treatment with periodate and the presence of PAS staining material on spores, conidia and bacteria implicated carbohydrate in these interactions. Tests involving both unbound and FITC-bound lectins demonstrated that wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) can inhibit the degree of attachment of P. penetrans to M. javanica and that this inhibition can be overcome by pre-treatment of the lectin with N, N′-diacetyl chitobiose. Endospores of P. penetrans, amphid and buccal secretions of 2nd-stage larvae of M. javanica and the cuticle and excretory pore secretions of 2nd-stage dauer larvae of A. agrostis bound WGA, indicating that accessible N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues are present on these structures. Endospores of P. penetrans also bound Con A, indicating the presence of accessible α-D-glucose/α-D-mannose residues on their surface.

PROSPECTS FOR OBTAINING GAS MOTOR FUEL FROM BIOGAS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Viktor S. Grigor’yev ◽  
◽  
Il’ya V. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Mixed Gas

The ability of gas hydrates to concentrate gas into a solid chelate structure and the properties of self-preservation of gas hydrates at negative temperatures allows us to consider the possibility of developing a method for the utilization of biogas, environmentally safe storage and transportation of biomethane. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in substantiation the technological possibilities of obtaining synthetic mixed gas hydrates of biogas components, their storage and transportation based on the analysis of the existing regularities of the formation of gas hydrates in time, temperature and external pressure. (Materials and methods) The article presents the accumulated results of studies of the process of obtaining artificial hydrates of natural gas and methane- containing gas mixtures at various initial static pressures and temperatures. The object of research to substantiate the parameters of artificial creation of gas hydrates is biogas obtained during anaerobic thermophilic fermentation of organic waste at an existing experimental biogas plant. Mixed feed SK-8 with a humidity of 90-92 percent was used as an organic substrate of constant composition. The composition of biogas was studied using the Optima-7 Biogas gas analyzer. (Results and discussion) The article presents a process model and a technical appearance of an installation for producing gas motor fuel from the biogas of anaerobic digestion of organic waste of the agro-industrial complex. The hydrate formation time depends on the increase in the interfacial surface and the movement of gas bubbles relative to the liquid, which can be regulated by acting on the hydrate formation zone (shock wave, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, temperature). (Conclusions) The research results can be used in modeling processes in two-phase media during the formation of gas hydrates and the creation of installations for their production.

Bioethanol Production of Cellulase Producing Bacteria from Soils of Agrowaste Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-655
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
M. Laxmi ◽  
A. Benny
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Ethanolic Fermentation ◽  
Cellulose Bioconversion ◽  
Congo Red Staining ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

With decades of studies on cellulose bioconversion, cellulases have been playing an important role in producing fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Copious microorganisms that are able to degrade cellulose have been isolated and identified. The present study has been undertaken to isolate and screen the cellulase producing bacteria from soils of agrowaste field. Cellulase production has been qualitatively analyzed in carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) agar medium after congo red staining and NaCl treatment by interpretation with zones around the potent colonies. Out of the seven isolates, only two showed cellulase production. The morphogical and molecular characterization revealed its identity as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The potential of organisms for bioethanol production has been investigated using two substrates, namely, paper and leaves by subjecting with a pre-treatment process using acid hydrolysis to remove lignin which acts as physical barrier to cellulolytic enzymes. Ethanolic fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24-48 h and then the bioethanol produced was qualitatively proved by iodoform assay. These finding proves that ethanol can be made from the agricultural waste and the process is recommended as a means of generating wealth from waste.

The Submerged Biofilm Process as a Pre-Treatment for Polluted Raw Water for Tap Water Supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takasaki ◽  
H. Kim ◽  
A. Sato ◽  
M. Okada ◽  
R. Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Process

The submerged biofilm process is a promising system for polluted raw water pre-treatment systems. General treatment performance and factors affecting treatment efficiency were investigated through pilot plant scale experiments using water from four different lakes. Regarding the quality of the raw waters, BOD was generally below 10 mg/l and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentration was below 0.4 mg/l. The efficiency of removal of NH4-N was about 80% under complete mixing conditions and when the raw water quality did not fluctuate rapidly. Under the adverse conditions of the low water temperatures which occurred in winter and spring, the removal of NH4-N was 60 to 80%. The critical NH4-N concentration was observed to be approximately 0.01 to 0.02 mg/l, and a moderate decrease in E260 was also observed in the experiments. Overall treatment performance of the submerged biofilm process was superior in those systems with carriers which were not likely to become clogged.

scholarly journals Opportunity of Biogas Production from Solid Organic Wastes through Anaerobic Digestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 05025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagor Kumar Pramanik ◽  
Fatihah Binti Suja ◽  
Biplob Kumar Pramanik ◽  
Shahrom Bindi Md Zain
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Pre Treatment

Solid organic wastes create potential risks to environmental pollution and human health due to the uncontrolled discharge of huge quantities of hazardous wastes from numerous sources. Now-a-days, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered as a verified and effective alternative compared to other techniques for treating solid organic waste. The paper reviewed the biological process and parameters involved in the AD along with the factors could enhance the AD process. Hydrolysis is considered as a rate-limiting phase in the complex AD process. The performance and stability of AD process is highly influenced by various operating parameters like temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen ratio, retention time, and organic loading rate. Different pre-treatment (e.g. mechanical, chemical and biological) could enhance the AD process and the biogas yield. Co-digestion can also be used to provide suitable nutrient balance inside the digester. Challenges of the anaerobic digestion for biogas production are also discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of Surface Chemistry on the Removal of Indigo Carmine Dye Using Apricot Stone Active Carbon

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi M.H. Gad ◽  
Abd. El-Hakim ◽  
A.M. Daifullah
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Desorption Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bet Specific Surface Area ◽  
Waste Effluents

A biomass agricultural waste material, i.e. apricot stone, was used as an adsorbent either as received (AP), after carbonization at 500°C (C-AP), and after chemical activation using H3PO4 (H-APC) or using KOH (K-APC) followed by carbonization at 500°C. The four adsorbents were characterized by various techniques (e.g. BET specific surface area measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy and measurements of the total pore volume, density, pH and moisture content). Preliminary investigations showed that the highest uptake was exhibited by K-APC. Factors affecting the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye using K-APC were investigated. The amounts of co-existing ions as well as those removed during the desorption process were determined quantitatively. The results obtained were examined using two-parameter equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich equations). Studies of the process at 30, 50 and 70°C demonstrated that adsorption was endothermic. The effects of cations, e.g. K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+, on dye removal were investigated. The monolayer capacity of K-APC was 552.5 mg/g. The proposed mechanism suggests that surface chemistry rather than the surface texture of the activated carbon plays a significant role in the process. Thus, K-APC can be considered as a novel adsorbent for the removal of IC dye from waste effluents.

Effects of Mixing Ratio between Eucalyptus Bark Charcoal and Cassava Starch on the Performance of a Charcoal Block Pressing Unit

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 1568-1573
Author(s):  
Kittipong Laloon ◽  
Somposh Sudajan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Screw Press ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Screw Pressing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Eucalyptus Bark ◽  
Press Unit

The objective of this research was to study on charcoal block production from eucalyptus bark using screw press unit. The physical and thermal properties of charcoal and factors affecting the testing units performance, which were mixing ratios by weight of eucalyptus bark charcoal: cassava starch: water content (1: 0.10: 0.75, 1: 0.15: 0.75 and 1: 0.20: 0.75) and screw pressing speeds (90, 105, 120 and 135 rpm) were studied. The optimum of screw press unit was screw pressing speed of 120-135 rpm and a mixing ratio by weight of eucalyptus bark charcoal: cassava starch: water content of 1: 0.15: 0.75. The test result at the feed rate of 140 kg/hr indicated that the machine had a capacity of 119.71-121.95 kg/hr, specific energy consumption of 12.33-12.73 W-hr/kg, charcoal block bulk density of 467.55 to 468.88 kg/m3, charcoal strength of 152.58 to 153.60 kPa and heating value of 21.95 MJ/kg for charcoal block moisture content of 7.46 % (w.b.)

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