scholarly journals Scientists to the streets. Science, politics and the public moving towards new osmoses

2002 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Standard Model

What may be defined as the "standard model" of the public communication of science began to develop in the second half of the nineteenth century, gained a clear structure (especially in an Anglo-Saxon context) in the first three decades of the twentieth century and dominated until the nineties. Roughly speaking, the model tends to describe science as a compact social (and epistemic) corpus, largely separated from the rest of society by a type of semipermeable membrane. That is, information and actions can flow freely from science to the rest of society (through the application of technologies and the spread of scientific culture, for instance), but much more limitedly in the opposite direction (through science politics or the influence of sociocultural events on science itself).

Prediction in Sociology: Prospects for a Devalued Activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Aldridge
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Taboo Word ◽  
The Public

The nineteenth-century founders of sociology were in no doubt that sociology is a predictive discipline. This was a key component of its constitution as a science, in contrast to religious mythology and metaphysics. Comte's formula ‘Savoir pour prévoir et prévoir pour pouvoir’ neatly captures the mood and mission of the sociological enterprise at its foundation. As the twentieth century closes, prediction has become almost a taboo word, connoting an embarrassing affiliation to vulgar positivism, scientism and technocracy. This article argues that many of our current fears about prediction are exaggerated or misplaced. If sociology is to regain its standing in the public domain we need to reclaim prediction as a core element in the sociological project.

Public-Private Symbiosis in Nashville Special Education

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherman Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Private School ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public

The conventional historiography describing a strict public-private divide in United States schooling is misleading. The standard story claims that public schooling was a fuzzy concept 200 years ago; the division between public and private education for children thus developed largely over the nineteenth century. In the early nineteenth century, public funds went to many private schools and even large private systems, such as the New York Public School Society. In some instances, public funds went to parochial education, either explicitly or as part of an arrangement to allow for diverse religious instruction using public funds. However, the nineteenth century witnessed growing division between public and private, largely excluding religious education (or at least non-Protestant religious education). By the end of the nineteenth century, the standard educational historiography suggests, public schools meant public in several senses: funded from the public coffers, open to the public in general, and controlled by a public, democratically controlled process. Tacit in that definition was a relatively rigid dividing line between public and private school organizations. Historians know that this implicit definition of “public” omits key facts. First, the governance of public schools became less tied to electoral politics during the Progressive Era. Public schooling in nineteenth-century cities generally meant large school boards, intimately connected with urban political machines. By the 1920s, many city school systems had smaller boards in a more corporate-like structure. The consolidation of small rural school districts in the first half of the twentieth century completed this removal of school governance from more local politics. A second problem with the definition above is unequal access to quality education (however defined). Historically, the acceptance of all students was true only in a limited sense, either in access to schools at all (with the exclusion of many children with disabilities) or, more generally, to the resources and curriculum involved in the best public schooling of the early twentieth century (as with racial segregation).

Pages from a Yellow Press: Print Culture, Public Life and Political Genealogies in Modern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-379
Author(s):  
JAMES P. WOODARD
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Original Formulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Radical Republicanism

AbstractAn examination of the Brazilian newspaper O Combate, this article accomplishes four goals. First, it defines the politics of a periodical long cited but little understood by historians. Second, it documents O Combate's place, alongside other ‘yellow press’ outlets, in the making of a ‘public sphere’ in São Paulo. Third, it situates the same publications' role in the bringing into being of a more commercial, publicity-driven press, which would shed the yellow press's radicalism and abet the collapse of the public sphere of its heyday. Fourth, it suggests that O Combate's radical republicanism was one fount of the democratic radicalism of the late 1920s and early 1930s, as well as of the regionally chauvinist constitutionalism of 1932–7. In this rare application of the ‘public sphere’ idea to twentieth-century Brazil, readers may also detect an account closer to Jürgen Habermas’ original formulation than that found in the historiography of nineteenth-century Spanish America.

Civilization and the Culture of Science

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gaukroger
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cognitive Values ◽  
Culture Of Science ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
The Way

How does science, in the period from the end of the eighteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, come to have such a central place in Western culture? At issue in the consolidation of a scientific culture is the way in which all cognitive values, and subsequently many moral, political, and social ones, come to be modelled around scientific values, and Civilization and the Culture of Science explores how these values were shaped and how they began in turn to shape those of society. The book continues the trajectory of three earlier volumes, which traced key aspects of the legitimation of science and the establishment of a scientific culture up to the early decades of the nineteenth century. The core nineteenth- and twentieth-century development is that in which science comes to take centre stage in shaping ideas of civilization. A central question is the role played by projects to unify the sciences, showing how the motivation for these comes from outside. A crucial part of this process was a fundamental rethinking of the relations between science and ethics, economics, philosophy, and engineering. The developments here are not linear or one-dimensional, and five issues that have underpinned the transition to a scientific modernity are explored: changes in the understanding of civilization; the push to unify the sciences; the rise of the idea of the limits of scientific understanding; the ideas of ‘applied’ and ‘popular’ science; and the way in which the public was shaped in a scientific image.

scholarly journals Efficient Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption System for Internet of Things Infrastructure

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Lifeng Guo ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Wei-Chuen Yau
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Key ◽  
Identity Based Encryption ◽  
Dual System Encryption ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Security is a main concern for the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure as large volumes of data are collected and processed in the systems. Due to the limited resources of interconnected sensors and devices in the IoT systems, efficiency is one of the key considerations when deploying security solutions (e.g., symmetric/asymmetric encryption, authentication, etc.) in IoT. In this paper, we present an efficient Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption (HIBE) system with short parameters for protecting data confidentiality in distributed IoT infrastructure. Our proposed HIBE system has the public parameters, private key, and ciphertext, each consisting of a constant number of group elements. We prove the full security of the HIBE system in the standard model using the dual system encryption technique. We also implement the proposed scheme and compare the performance with the original Lewko–Waters HIBE. To the best of our knowledge, our construction is the first HIBE system that achieves both full security in the standard model and short parameters in terms of the public parameters, private key, and ciphertext.

Background in the United States and Great Britain to 1950

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Folk Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Public ◽  
The 1950S

Throughout the twentieth century, folk music has had many definitions and incarnations in the United States and Great Britain. The public has been most aware of its commercial substance and appeal, with the focus on recording artists and their repertoires, but there has been so much more, including a political agenda, folklore theories, grassroots styles, regional promoters, and discussions on what musical forms—blues, hillbilly, gospel, Anglo-Saxon, pop, singer-songwriters, instrumental and/or vocal, international—should be included. These contrasting and conflicting interpretations were particularly evident during the 1950s. This chapter begins by focusing on Alan Lomax (1915–2002), one of the most active folk music collectors, radio promoters, and organizers during the 1940s. Lomax had a major influence on folk music in both the United States and Great Britain, tying together what had come before and what would follow. The chapter then discusses folk festivals and performers; British folk music, musicians, and trans-Atlantic musical connections; and Carl Sandburg's publication of the The American Songbag in 1927.

THE DEAD STILL AMONG US: VICTORIAN SECULAR RELICS, HAIR JEWELRY, AND DEATH CULTURE

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Walter Benjamin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Death Culture ◽  
The Moment

By the time the nineteenth centuryreached its close, it was already possible to look back at Victorian death culture with nostalgia. With the rise of secularism, the slide toward what Diana Fuss has called the death of death had begun. No longer was it common practice to hold onto the remains of the dead. Rarely would a lock of hair be kept by, to be worn as jewelry, nor did one dwell on the deathbed scene, linger upon the lips of the dying to mark and revere those last words, record the minutiae of slipping away in memorials, diaries, and letters. Rooms of houses were increasingly less likely to hold remains; no one had died in the beds in which the living slept. Walter Benjamin, who wrote often about what was lost in the nineteenth century, sees the turning away from death as going hand in hand with the disappearance of the art of storytelling. Writing in the early 1930s, he called his contemporaries “dry dwellers of eternity” because “today people live in rooms that have never been touched by death” (Illuminations94). Avoiding the sight of the dying, Benjamin argues, one misses the moment when life becomes narrative, when the meaning of life is completed and illuminated in its ending. He privileges the shared moment of death, when relatives, and even the public, gather around the dying to glean final words of wisdom, to know perhaps, in the end, the whole story. Historian of death Philippe Ariès describes a Christian account of the final ordeal of the death bed, when in the moment of death the salvation or damnation of the dying is determined, thus changing or freezing, for good, the meaning of the whole life. Scholars of nineteenth- and twentieth-century death culture tend, on the whole, to agree that towards the end of the century, a process that began earlier reached a completion – that the death of the other not only became less of a shared experience among a community, but last things such as final words and remains were increasingly to be pushed to the back of consciousness and hence to the lumber room of meaning and importance.

The Rise and Fall of Phrenology in Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. John Thearle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lay Members ◽  
The Mind

In the first half of the nineteenth century phrenology, which was claimed to be the first science of the mind, experienced enormous popularity in the western world. It gave rise to a widespread movement attracting the attention of the professional and lay members of society. In Australia, as elsewhere, it had influence in penology and criminology, psychiatry, notions of racial inferiority, education, anthropology and popular application. By the second half of the nineteenth century, following advances in the knowledge of neuro-anatomy, it became relegated to the status of a pseudo-science. As such, it remained popular with charlatans and the public well into the twentieth century.

Knowledge and Social Networks in the Construction of Elite Lawyers in Venezuela

2010 ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Gňmez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Connections

This article describes the rise of Venezuelan lawyers as members of the country's intellectual and social leadership, and their notable influence throughout different historic periods, from their key contribution to the consolidation of the country's political and intellectual leadership during the nineteenth century, to their emergence as power brokers bridging the public and private sectors during the economic and social expansions that took place during most of the twentieth century. This work also explains how, in spite of the radical political transition that took place in the late 1990s and which led to the disappearance of the traditional elites, the new regime created the conditions for the emergence of new networks in similar fashion to the ones that existed in the past, revealing that regardless of which particular social group is in power personal connections remain vital in making the justice system work, and the presence of lawyers is very important.

Key Replacement Attack on Two Certificateless Signature Schemes without Random Oracles

2010 ◽  
Vol 439-440 ◽  
pp. 1606-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Xia ◽  
Chun Xiang Xu ◽  
Yong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Signature Scheme ◽  
Signature Schemes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Random Oracles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Replacement Attack ◽  
Certificateless Signature

Liu et al. proposed the first certificateless signature scheme without random oracles in 2007. However, Xiong et al. showed that Liu et al.'s scheme is insecure against a malicious-but-passive KGC attack and proposed an improved scheme. In ISA 2009, Yuan et al. also proposed a new certificateless signature scheme without random oracles. Although they claimed that the two schemes are secure in the standard model, this paper shows that both Xiong et al.'s improved scheme and Yuan et al.'s new scheme are vulnerable to key replacement attack, where an adversary, obtaining a signature on a message and replacing the public key of a signer, can forge valid signatures on the same message under the replaced public key. We also give the corresponding modifications of the two schemes to resist key replacement attack.

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