scholarly journals The standardization process of Louisiana French: issues and outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (62) ◽  
pp. 191-213
Author(s):  
Nina Rioult
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Louisiana French ◽  
Revitalization Movement ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
The 1960S

The main goal of this article is to give a general overview on the standardization process of the French language in Louisiana. After examining the sociolinguistic situation of Louisiana French and discussing the notion of “standard language”, following the definitions of Bagno (2011) and Milroy & Milroy (1999), we will try to understand what recovers the notion of “Standard French”. Thereafter, we will analyze how its introduction in Louisiana has triggered some issues on the linguistic norm to be used during the revitalization movement, which began in the 1960s, and how these debates influenced the French norm used nowadays in Louisiana.

Gengo Seikatsuþ: The study of language life in Japan, 1945–1995

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
First Language ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Joint Study ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Modern Standard

SUMMARY The indigenous concept of language life developed out of dialectology and attempts to establish a modern standard language. At first, language life existed above all merely as a label for the joint study of Japanese and its speakers and it only became an essential component of Japanese linguistics after 1945. Within the post-war studies a distinction can be drawn between an empirical approach at the National Japanese Language Research Institute and a theoretical approach by Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). A first wave of language life studies subsided in the 1960s, the empirical approach was, however, revived and further developed in the seventies finding support in sociolinguistics. Language life was finally displaced by sociolinguistics in the mid-eighties.RÉSUMÉ Le concept autochtone de la vie du langage remonte à la dialectologie et aux efforts pour établir une norme du japonais moderne. Au début, la vie du langage designait principalement les recherches portant sur la langue japonaise ainsi que ses locuteurs. C’est seulement après 1945 que la vie du langage est devenue une partie essentielle de la linguistique japonaise. Après la guerre on peut distinguer une approche empirique développée par l’Institut National de Recherche sur la Langue Japonaise et une approche théorique développée par Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). La première vague de l’étude de la vie du langage s’estompera dans les années soixante, cependant dans les années soixante-dix l’approche empirique effectuera un retour et sera développée davantage, s’inspirant partiellement de la sociolinguistique. La vie du langage sera finalement remplacée dans les années quatre-vingt par la sociolinguistique.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die indigene Konzeption des Sprachlebens geht neben der Dialektologie auf Bemühungen zur Etablierung einer modernen Standardsprache zurück. Sprachleben existierte anfangs weitestgehend nur als Etikett für eine Erforschung des Japanischen in Verbindung mit seinen Sprechern, wurde allerdings nach 1945 wesentlicher Bestandteil der japanischen Linguistik. In der Nachkriegszeit lässt sich zwischen einem empirischen Ansatz am Staatlichen Forschungsinstitut für die Landessprache und einem theoretischen Ansatz durch Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967) unterscheiden. Eine erste Welle der Sprachleben-Forschung verebbte Anfang der sechziger Jahre, jedoch erfuhr der empirische Ansatz in den siebziger Jahren in Anlehnung an die Soziolinguistik eine Wiederbelebung und Weiterentwicklung. Sprachleben wurde Mitte der achtziger Jahre endgültig von der Soziolinguistik verdrängt.

scholarly journals From the play to the event: Delineating phenomena of theatrical activity in Greece at the turn of the twenty-first century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Platon Mavromoustakos
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dramatic Play ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Theatre Studies ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Fundamental Shift

Attempting a general overview, this article may be understood as a preliminary requisite towards a more systematic study of theatrical activity in Greece since the turn of the twenty-first century. At the heart of this approach lies the fundamental shift from the dramatic play to the performance event, which has taken place both in theatre practice and theatre studies since the 1960s. The hypothesis underlying this study is that in Greek theatre the transition commenced after the reestablishment of democracy, becoming more broadly evident in this century. Some of the main points discussed are the profile of the new generation of theatre creators, the role of some major theatrical events and organisations, institutional transformations, new forms of collectivity in theatrical activity, the persistent demand for extroversion, dramatic production and its links to the stage.

scholarly journals From language standards to a Standard Language: The case of Modern Greek

Diacronia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiros A. Moschonas
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
The Media ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
Style Guides ◽  
New Phase

This study looks for changes in a standard variety through changes in that variety’s standards. It concentrates on the continuing process of the standardization of Modern Greek and it discusses: a) an inaugural change in status planning involving the shift from Jannis Psycharis’s codification of Modern Greek to a more “permissive” codification by Manolis Triantaphyllidis; b) the propagation of linguistic standards on a mass scale through the print and electronic media after the resolution of the “Greek Language Question”; c) the process of “de-ideologization” or “naturalization” of the established norms; d) a relatively recent instance of stylization of a certain highly prescribed variant (nasalization of voiced stops), which possibly marks a new phase in the standardization process. The four cases of changing standards are discussed under a performative theory of standardization. A corpus-driven approach is employed that concentrates on correctives (metalinguistic speech acts of the type: “one should neither say nor write X; instead, one should say or write Y”) and permissives (“one may say or write either X or Y provided that C”). Such triplets are located in texts that prescribe on language usage. A variety of such texts is taken into consideration: institutional Grammars, advice columns in the Greek newspapers, relevant radio and television broadcasts, Style Guides addressed both to the general public and to the media professionals. It is shown that correctives and/or permissives form repertories that change over time. Such changes in language standards account for changes in the standard language. According to the performative theory, standard languages are subject to restandardization as language standards are subject to redefinition. The changes in corrective repertories bear testimony to a process of a continuing standardization of Modern Greek. This process is shown to be mediated, i.e. it has affected and has been affected by prescriptive practices in the print and electronic media.

“A Curse or a Blessing?”: Montreal Jews and the Politics of 1960s Quebec

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon-Pierre Lacasse
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
French Language ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
Quiet Revolution ◽  
Cultural Minority ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Positive Outlook ◽  
Parti Quebecois

In this article, the author argues that the politics of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s invigorated Montreal Jews as a religious and cultural minority rather than marginalizing or alienating them. While Jewish activists remained critical of the expanding ambitions of the Quebec state and the rise of nationalism in the province, they took the opportunity to advance Jewish claims and adopted a largely positive outlook on their communal future in Quebec. In fact, Montreal Jews, like their francophone neighbours, but perhaps unlike the anglophone majority, had motives to share in Quebec’s collective thrill during the 1960s: it created opportunities to discuss and advance cultural continuity. This perspective is crucial to nuance the popular assumption that animosity and reluctance alone characterized Quebec Jews’ reaction to the Quiet Revolution, leading many to find solace in Toronto after the election of the Parti québécois and in reaction to long-smouldering tensions. By exploring the themes of education, French language, and nationalism in Jewish English-language newspapers and institutional sources from the 1960s, the author reveals more nuanced dynamics between Jews and French Canadians at the time of the Quiet Revolution.

The standardization of the Basque language

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Hualde ◽  
Koldo Zuazo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Nationalist Party ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Enormous Success

The standardization process of the Basque language presents some unusual characteristics. Although some of the first authors to publish in Basque in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries explicitly remarked on the difficulties brought about by dialectal diversity, very little progress in the standardization of the language was made until the second half of the twentieth century. Even the impact of the rise of Basque nationalism at the end of the nineteenth century was not entirely positive, since the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party favored the development of a different written variety for each of the Basque provinces. The extreme puristic and neologizing tendency of some writers at the time was also a source of obstacles on the path towards standardization. A Basque language academy was founded in 1918 with the unification of the written language as one of its main goals, but it made essentially no progress until the linguist Luis Michelena (Mitxelena) presented a report to the Basque Academy in 1968 on the bases for a written standard language. From then on, other stages in the standardization process have taken place very rapidly. This new standard has enjoyed enormous success and in a few decades has become firmly established in Basque society.

Mapping the Hybrid European Road: French Connections, European Traditions and American Influence?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gott
Keyword(s):  
West Germany ◽  
French Language ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wim Wenders ◽  
American Films ◽  
Road Movies ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter set the stage for an exploration of contemporary French-language European road movies by tracing the interwoven lines of the tradition in its American and European iterations back to the 1960s, the period during which the template for contemporary road cinema crystalized. It argues that the contours of the road movie tradition are not strictly the product of a direct lineage from seminal American films from the late 1960s, such as Easy Rider (Dennis Hopper, 1969, USA), but the result of complex transnational interactions within European cinemas and between European and American cultures. The films covered are Il Sorpasso (Dino Risi, 1962, Italy), Le corniaud/The Sucker (Gérard Oury, 1965, France/Italy) Les petits matins/Hitch-Hike (Jacqueline Audry, 1962, France), Im Lauf der Zeit/Kings of the Road (Wim Wenders, 1977, West Germany), Leningrad Cowboys Go America (Aki Kaurismäki,1989, Finland/Sweden) and Lisbon Story (Wim Wenders, 1994, Germany/Portugal).

Gengo seikatsu

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-119
Author(s):  
Patrick Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
First Language ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Joint Study ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Modern Standard

Summary The indigenous concept of language life developed out of dialectology and attempts to establish a modern standard language. At first, language life existed above all merely as a label for the joint study of Japanese and its speakers and it only became an essential component of Japanese linguistics after 1945. Within the post-war studies a distinction can be drawn between an empirical approach at the National Japanese Language Research Institute and a theoretical approach by Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). A first wave of language life studies subsided in the 1960s, the empirical approach was, however, revived and further developed in the seventies finding support in sociolinguistics. Language life was finally displaced by sociolinguistics in the mid-eighties.

Snobs and quétaines: prestige and boundaries in popular music in Quebec

Popular Music ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHÈLE OLLIVIER
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
French Language ◽  
Quebec French ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Symbolic Boundary ◽  
Over Time

This paper is a study of prestige and boundaries in Quebec French-language popular music. Based on interviews with artists, producers and critics conducted in the early 1990s, I argue that popular music in Quebec at that time remained divided along a symbolic boundary established in the 1960s between a highly prestigious group of songwriters/rock artists, who wrote and sang their own material, and a less prestigious group of interpreters/artistes populaires, who sang light pop songs or songs written by others. As predicted by Bourdieu, I show that artists in the most prestigious category were associated with privileged social groups and gained material and symbolic advantages from their prestige. They are more likely to receive honorific awards, to be invited to perform at special cultural events, to see their work recognised as ‘important’, and to persist over time. In opposition to Bourdieu, however, I argue that in the context of emerging nationalism, their songs were also perceived as providing collective benefits over and beyond class and gender divisions.

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