scholarly journals Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-62
Author(s):  
Alan Reed Libert ◽  
Christo Moskovsky
Author(s):  
Alan Reed Libert

Artificial languages—languages which have been consciously designed—have been created for more than 900 years, although the number of them has increased considerably in recent decades, and by the early 21st century the total figure probably was in the thousands. There have been several goals behind their creation; the traditional one (which applies to some of the best-known artificial languages, including Esperanto) is to make international communication easier. Some other well-known artificial languages, such as Klingon, have been designed in connection with works of fiction. Still others are simply personal projects. A traditional way of classifying artificial languages involves the extent to which they make use of material from natural languages. Those artificial languages which are created mainly by taking material from one or more natural languages are called a posteriori languages (which again include well-known languages such as Esperanto), while those which do not use natural languages as sources are a priori languages (although many a posteriori languages have a limited amount of a priori material, and some a priori languages have a small number of a posteriori components). Between these two extremes are the mixed languages, which have large amounts of both a priori and a posteriori material. Artificial languages can also be classified typologically (as natural languages are) and by how and how much they have been used. Many linguists seem to be biased against research on artificial languages, although some major linguists of the past have been interested in them.


Author(s):  
Arno J. Bleeker ◽  
Mark H.F. Overwijk ◽  
Max T. Otten

With the improvement of the optical properties of the modern TEM objective lenses the point resolution is pushed beyond 0.2 nm. The objective lens of the CM300 UltraTwin combines a Cs of 0. 65 mm with a Cc of 1.4 mm. At 300 kV this results in a point resolution of 0.17 nm. Together with a high-brightness field-emission gun with an energy spread of 0.8 eV the information limit is pushed down to 0.1 nm. The rotationally symmetric part of the phase contrast transfer function (pctf), whose first zero at Scherzer focus determines the point resolution, is mainly determined by the Cs and defocus. Apart from the rotationally symmetric part there is also the non-rotationally symmetric part of the pctf. Here the main contributors are not only two-fold astigmatism and beam tilt but also three-fold astigmatism. The two-fold astigmatism together with the beam tilt can be corrected in a straight-forward way using the coma-free alignment and the objective stigmator. However, this only works well when the coefficient of three-fold astigmatism is negligible compared to the other aberration coefficients. Unfortunately this is not generally the case with the modern high-resolution objective lenses. Measurements done at a CM300 SuperTwin FEG showed a three fold-astigmatism of 1100 nm which is consistent with measurements done by others. A three-fold astigmatism of 1000 nm already sinificantly influences the image at a spatial frequency corresponding to 0.2 nm which is even above the point resolution of the objective lens. In principle it is possible to correct for the three-fold astigmatism a posteriori when through-focus series are taken or when off-axis holography is employed. This is, however not possible for single images. The only possibility is then to correct for the three-fold astigmatism in the microscope by the addition of a hexapole corrector near the objective lens.


2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon U. Bryant ◽  
Ashley K. Smith ◽  
Sandra G. Alexander ◽  
Kathlea Vaughn ◽  
Kristophor G. Canali

1975 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Basharinov ◽  
L.F. Borodin ◽  
A.S. Gurvich ◽  
M.S. Malkevich ◽  
A.M. Shutko

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Denilson Junio Marques Soares ◽  
Paulo César Emiliano ◽  
Talita Emidio Andrade Soares
Keyword(s):  

O Departamento de Matemática da Universidade Federal de Viçosa tem realizado algumas medidas de prevenção à reprovação dos estudantes na disciplina de Cálculo, cujos índices têm assustado os professores. Uma dessas medidas está na elaboração de avaliações de matemática básica que objetivam identificar estudantes propensos à reprovação, a fim de proporcionar uma intervenção pedagógica capaz de reverter esta situação. Tendo em vista a importância desta avaliação como parte integrante dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina, o presente artigo tem como objetivo oferecer uma análise estatística, pautada nas duas vertentes da Psicometria moderna: a Teoria Clássica dos Testes (TCT) e a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), e uma análise pedagógica dos descritores e distratores de alguns itens-chave que compõem uma dessas avaliações, escolhida para um estudo de caso. Os resultados apontaram para uma avaliação composta por itens com variados índices de dificuldade e, no geral, com bom poder discriminativo tanto pela análise via TCT, quanto pela TRI, cujos resultados foram obtidos através da estimação, pelo método da média a posteriori, de um modelo logístico de dois parâmetros. A consistência interna da avaliação como instrumento de mensuração de habilidades foi verificada pelo coeficiente alpha de Cronbach, assegurando a qualidade e confiabilidade dos resultados deste estudo. Espera-se que este trabalho sirva como um instrumento de difusão das teorias psicométricas na análise da estrutura de avaliações e aponte para a necessidade de uma maior discussão pedagógica acerca das possíveis lacunas existentes na aprendizagem de matemática básica dos estudantes do ensino superior.


Author(s):  
Heinrich Schepers ◽  
Giorgio Tonelli ◽  
Rudolf Eisler
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kivatsi Kavusa

This article explores the ecological potential in Job 14:7–12. The metaphor in Job 14 praises the life-giving potential of water to revive a dead tree before presenting its transient character, similar to human life. The article investigates the question of why the author of Job finds it appropriate to use water and water-related images to contrast the potential of water to revive a dead tree with the transient mortals who disappear at death like great bodies of water in times of drought. Using elements of historical, critical, and literary approaches, as well as metaphor theory, and applying the Earth Bible Principle of intrinsic worth, this article argues that water should not be viewed as a limitlessly renewable resource, but a precious gift requiring responsible management.


1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
Karol J. Krotki

The publication reviewed is number 9 in the series" Applied Statistics and Econometrics" edited by Gerhard Tintner, Pierre Desire Truonet, and Heinrich Strecker. The purpose of the series is to publish papers " too long for ordinary journal articles, but not long enough for books . ... . . Upon acceptance, speedy publication can be promised". The abstracts in English, French, and German, usual in this series, are missing from the copy reviewed. The book consists of ten chapters: sampling theory; multi -stage sampling and other fundamental problems; optimum stratification; variances; sampling with replacement and other theoretical issues; experimental design; information theory; a posteriori raising factors ; order statistics; Bayesian methods. Such an ambitious content within 130 pages requires parsimonious presentation. One chapter has been squeezed into hardly more than four pages. The chapter on a posteriori raising factors will be useful in developing countries and particularly when samples do not work out as designed. It will also be refreshing to those limited to the literature in the English language.


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