Pleiotropy structures plant height and seeds weight scaling in barley despite long history of domestication and breeding selection

Yield of corn on Brookston clay increased 0.45 t∙ha−1∙yr−1 as distance from subsurface drain was reduced by 2 m (2.5 vs. 0.5 m). Yield increases associated with this drain-spacing interval were significant [Formula: see text] in eight of the individual years 1971–1980. While drain spacing affected yield and plant height, it had little effect on plant leaf percent NPK, soil porosity and compaction. Variation in soil measurements appeared to be primarily due to climate and rotation. Analysis of the yield data suggests that the effects of soil drainage, crop rotation and use of fertilizer are primarily additive, and that each of these practices is essential to achieving high yields of corn on southwestern Ontario clay soils. The response of rotation corn to applied fertilizer was lower than that of continuous corn, indicating that adjustment of N application in accordance with cropping history of soil may be cost effective.

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Role, Importance and Peculiarities of Record Cows in the Formation of High-Production Herds

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v0i0.9022 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir M. Gukezhev ◽

Musa S. Gabaev ◽

Zhamal K. Zhashuev

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Animal Health ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽

History Of ◽

Breeding Selection ◽

High Production ◽

Almost All ◽

Long Term Studies

Throughout the history of the development of dairy cattle breeding, particular importance has always been attached to the identification and rational use of record cows. The significance of this category of breeding is determined not only by individual indicators, but also by the effect they have on the improvement of the breed and individual herds, primarily through their sons and, to a certain extent, as the ancestors of breeding families. It should be noted that the appearance of a record cow is hardly ever spontaneous or random; as a rule, valuable ancestors are found in their pedigrees, the potential of which can be manifested in descendants when creating appropriate feeding and milking conditions. In this regard, the human factor is very important. This analysis shows that in recent years, the age of the highest productivity has grown significantly in almost all breeds. It seems that this phenomenon is the result of the widespread use of Holstein cattle. If one looks at the origin of Holstein stud bulls, the sperm of which are offered for reproduction, then almost all of them are obtained from first-calf heifers, and only a few from adult cows. It is hard to escape a conclusion that we replicate animals in advance, and then wonder why cows do not have time to recoup themselves and do not reach the classical age of milk productivity – 3-5th lactation. Long-term studies show that the highest yield in the purebred Holstein herds is marked for the 2nd lactation, and then, if the animals survive, the yield decreases. The widespread opinion among Russian livestock breeders, including scientists, is that feeding is to blame for everything. Of course, the level and type of feeding is the foundation of animal health, but many farms provide 7-10 thousand kg per cow per year, and the duration of productive use is reduced, so there must be other factors. Keywords: dairy cattle breeding, selection, stud bulls, record cows

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Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Response to Nicosulfuron

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4319705 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 186-191

Author(s):

Dragana BOZIC ◽

Miroljub BARAC ◽

Marija SARIC-KRSMANOVIC ◽

Danijela PAVLOVIC ◽

Christian RITZ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Laboratory Population ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

History Of ◽

Als Inhibitor

The response of two populations (CC1, 43.59Â°N & 20.40Â°E; CC2, 44.46Â°N & 20.17Â°E) of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) to nicosulfuron was investigated both in field experiments and in the laboratory. Population CC1 had no history of treatment with any herbicide, while population CC2 was treated with ALS inhibitor herbicides for six consecutive years. In the field, plants were treated post-emergence with nicosulfuron (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g ai ha-1) at four true leaves. Visual injury estimation and vegetative parameters (plant height, fresh weight, leaf area) were recorded about month after herbicide application. The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity in response to herbicide concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μM was determined in vitro. GR50 values for vegetative parameters and I50 values for ALS activity were slightly greater for the CC2 than for the CC1population, but the results confirmed that neither population was susceptible to nicosulfuron. Namely, based on results for fresh weight, the population CC1 was about 3.9 and 2.6-fold more susceptible to nicosulfuron than population CC2 in two consecutive years, but differences were not so prominent for other parameters (plant height, leaf area and ALS activity), ranging from 1.18 to 1.8-fold. The differences between population CC1 and CC2 could be attributed to inter-population variability in susceptibility to nicosulfuron or could be the consequence of repeated application of ALS herbicides to the CC2 population during the six previous years. Future investigations are necessary in order to clarify this dilemma.

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Weed control and soybean agronomic performance in response to application of sulfentrazone + diuron in pre-emergence

Colloquium Agrariae ◽

10.5747/ca.2021.v17.n3.a441 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 70-82

Author(s):

Washington Louis Franklin Termineles Zacharias ◽

Pedro Henrique Caldeirão Pierro ◽

Guilherme Mendes Pio Oliveira ◽

Rubia Fernanda Bovo ◽

Leonardo Giorgiani Zarelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Height ◽

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Agronomic Performance ◽

Wild Radish ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽

History Of ◽

Rottboellia Cochinchinensis

The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool in weedmanagement. Sulfentrazone + diuron mixture was recently launched ontothe market. The objectiveof this work was to evaluate the weed control and the agronomic performance of soybean in response to application of sulfentrazone + diurondoses in pre-emergence. The experiment was conducted in Londrina PR, in an oxisol. The treatments were doses ofsulfentrazone + diuron (62 + 123, 123 + 245, 184 + 368, 245 + 490, 306 + 613 e 368 + 735 g a.i.ha-1). In addition to these treatments, isolated applications of sulfentrazone (245 g a.i.ha-1) and diuron (490 g a.i.ha-1) were evaluated, as well as a weedyand aweed-freecontrol. For the weed control, the wild radish(Raphanus raphanistrum)and itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) emergencewere evaluated. In soybean, photosystem II (PSII)activity, stand, plant height, number of podsper plant, height of insertion of the first pod, number of nodes per plant, mass of a thousand grains and grain yield were evaluated. Results show that the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron resulted in less than 50% wild radish control, regardless of the dose evaluated. However, for itchgrass, the control was greater than 90% in doses from 123 g sulfentrazone + 245g diurona.i.ha-1. Regarding thesoybeancrop, in doses from 245 g sulfentrazone + 490 g diuron a.i. ha-1 there was a greater number of pods per plant and higher grain yield, of about3,000 kg ha-1. The application of herbicides led to a transient inhibition of PSIIactivity, which did not result in a reduction in crop grainyield, indicating plant recovery. Therefore, the mixture of sulfentrazone + diuron is a good alternative for the weed management in pre-emergence of soybean, and should be positioned according to the history of fieldinfestation.

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