Evidence of viral survival in representative volumes of feed and feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental United States

The hypothesis that feed ingredients could serve as vehicles for the transport and transmission of viral pathogens was first validated under laboratory conditions. To bridge the gap from the laboratory to the field, this current project tested whether three significant viruses of swine could survive in feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental US. One-metric ton totes of soybean meal (organic and conventional) and complete feed were spiked with a 10 mL mixture of PRRSV 174, PEDV, and SVA and transported for 23 days in a commercial semi-trailer truck, crossing 29 states, and 10,183 km. Samples were tested for the presence of viral RNA by PCR, and for viable virus in soy-based samples by swine bioassay and in complete feed samples by natural feeding. Viable PRRSV, PEDV, and SVA were detected in both soy products and viable PEDV and SVA in complete feed. These results provide the first evidence that viral pathogens of pigs can survive in representative volumes of feed and feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental US.

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Evidence of viral survival in representative volumes of feed and feed ingredients during long‐distance commercial transport across the continental United States

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases ◽

10.1111/tbed.14057 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Scott Dee ◽

Apoorva Shah ◽

Cassandra Jones ◽

Aaron Singrey ◽

Dan Hanson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Long Distance ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Viral Survival

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Concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in soybean meal produced in different areas of the United States and fed to pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2015-9281 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (12) ◽

pp. 5694 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K. M. Sotak-Peper ◽

J. C. Gonzalez-Vega ◽

H. H. Stein

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

The United States ◽

Net Energy

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Implications for Europe of high prevalence of HIV drug resistance in the United States

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.06.02.01999-en ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D Pillay

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Successful Treatment ◽

Virological Failure ◽

The United States ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Viral Rebound ◽

Drug Compliance ◽

High Prevalence

Over 16 drugs are now available for use against HIV, broadly comprising three classes of agent. Their use, in combination, has had a dramatic impact in reducing disease progression. Successful treatment is increasingly defined as the maintenance of plasma viral RNA load at undetectable levels. Reasons for ‘virological failure’ (viral rebound) on treatment are many, but perhaps the single most important factor is suboptimal drug compliance.

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A Clash of Spacepowers

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 228-270

Author(s):

Bleddyn E. Bowen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

Pearl Harbor ◽

Space Systems ◽

Long Distance ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Critical Moment ◽

Illustrative Application

Chapter 6’s illustrative application of the theory demonstrates how the propositions are instructive when critically applied a Taiwan war scenario. In this case, it demonstrates how spacepower can influence terrestrial considerations for battle, in particular with long-distance precision-strike warfare, or ‘anti-access/area denial’ (A2/AD) warfare in current military jargon. Two contrasting strategies are critiqued in the case study as equally valid possibilities – the all-out first strike ‘Space Pearl Harbor’ strategy and ‘Counterspace-in-Being’ strategy of keeping space strikes in reserve for a critical moment. These strategies are two possible options for both the United States of America and People’s Republic of China, with Taiwan also having many opportunities of its own to resist Chinese invasion from the mainland. Projecting support from celestial communications down to Earth from the cosmic coastline changes the calculations of concentration and dispersal for military forces on Earth, and understanding the thorny questions of how and when to strike against space systems is aided by an understanding of all seven propositions.

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Mycological Survey of Chicken Feed and Some Feed Ingredients in Turkey

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-51.10.807 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

pp. 807-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DILEK HEPERKAN ◽

ÍHSAN ALPERDEN

Keyword(s):

Fish Meal ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Mixed Feed ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Penicillium Aurantiogriseum ◽

Sunflower Cake ◽

Feed Samples ◽

Mold Count ◽

Meat Bone Meal

Level of mold contamination and mycoflora were determined for 144 mixed feed and feed ingredients, including corn, sunflower cake, soja cake, meat and bone meal, and fish meal. Four samples were found to be free of mold. Among the feed samples examined, the mold count has been found to be low (102 to 103 colonies/g) for fish meal, high (104 to 105 colonies/g) for meat-bone meal and sunflower cake, and extremely high (more than 105 colonies/g) for soja cake, corn and mixed feed. The predominant flora in the feed samples consisted of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor and Eurotium, respectively. The most frequently encountered species was found to be Penicillium aurantiogriseum, followed by Aspergillus flavus.

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Incubation periods of enteric illnesses in foodborne outbreaks, United States, 1998–2013

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268819001651 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. J. Chai ◽

W. Gu ◽

K. A. O'Connor ◽

L. C. Richardson ◽

R. V. Tauxe

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Outbreak Investigation ◽

Foodborne Disease ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Incubation Periods ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks

Abstract Early in a foodborne disease outbreak investigation, illness incubation periods can help focus case interviews, case definitions, clinical and environmental evaluations and predict an aetiology. Data describing incubation periods are limited. We examined foodborne disease outbreaks from laboratory-confirmed, single aetiology, enteric bacterial and viral pathogens reported to United States foodborne disease outbreak surveillance from 1998–2013. We grouped pathogens by clinical presentation and analysed the reported median incubation period among all illnesses from the implicated pathogen for each outbreak as the outbreak incubation period. Outbreaks from preformed bacterial toxins (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens) had the shortest outbreak incubation periods (4–10 h medians), distinct from that of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (17 h median). Norovirus, salmonella and shigella had longer but similar outbreak incubation periods (32–45 h medians); campylobacter and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli had the longest among bacteria (62–87 h medians); hepatitis A had the longest overall (672 h median). Our results can help guide diagnostic and investigative strategies early in an outbreak investigation to suggest or rule out specific etiologies or, when the pathogen is known, the likely timeframe for exposure. They also point to possible differences in pathogenesis among pathogens causing broadly similar syndromes.

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On Thai Transnational Subjectivity

MANUSYA ◽

10.1163/26659077-01204007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 86-102

Author(s):

Sudarat Musikawong

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

The United States ◽

Film Festivals ◽

Long Distance ◽

Satellite Television ◽

Immigrant Identity ◽

The Us ◽

Thai People ◽

The Cold War

This paper examines the formation of transnational subjectivity through Thai political engagements in the United States (US). Thai people in the US participate in Thai homeland politics, while negotiating for a Thai immigrant identity in the US. Thai diasporas exist through political and social experiences, in which Thai communities and persons engage in homeland politics. Political acts and protests by Thais in the United States are not new, but emerged in the aftermath of the Cold War. This paper asks how political exiles, popular protests, film festivals, and satellite television challenge what Benedict Anderson has termed “long-distance” nationalism and Arjun Appadurai’s mediascapes.

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