Evapotranspiration in a Subtropical wetland savanna using low-cost Lysimeter, Eddy Covariance and Modeling approaches

Evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes the largest loss of water from subtropical grassland and wetland ecosystems, yet estimates have high uncertainty at the landscape scale as there is little information on plant water use. A major reason for this is the complexity and expense of field-based ET quantification methods such as agricultural lysimeters and eddy covariance systems. This study developed two different low-cost lysimeters – weighing-type and water level based, to measure ET under controlled conditions for single species as well as mixed grassland and wetland communities. Lysimeters were placed in an open sided shadehouse with a transparent roof to exclude rainfall. ET values were then compared with (i) Actual ET measurements from an eddy covariance tower onsite, (ii) vapor transport-based ET models - FAO Penman-Monteith, Modified Turc and Abtew Simple Radiation models, and (iii) ET data from the Florida Automated Weather Network. Both weighing-type and water level lysimeters showed seasonal patterns and annual magnitudes similar to the other ET methods. Annual ET measurements from weighing lysimeters (881-1278 mm for four plant species, n=5 per species) and water level lysimeters (1085 mm, n = 30) were similar to model estimates (1000-1200mm). Actual ET from eddy covariance was 722 mm for ten months (missing data for February and March), similar to lysimeter measurements for the dominant grass Paspalum notatum (885mm for 10 months). Low-cost lysimeters can easily inform regional ET models/remote sensing data lacking field validation and thus are potentially useful for water resources and ecosystem management in data-poor regions of the world.

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A compact and low‐cost do‐it‐yourself water level meter

Hydrological Processes ◽

10.1002/hyp.14205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Nils Michelsen

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Low Cost ◽

Do It Yourself ◽

Level Meter

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Development and Characterization of a Novel Low-Cost Water-Level and Water Quality Monitoring Sensor by Using Enhanced Screen Printing Technology with PEDOT:PSS

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi11050474 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 474 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bei Wang ◽

Manuel Baeuscher ◽

Xiaodong Hu ◽

Markus Woehrmann ◽

Katharina Becker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Level ◽

Sheet Resistance ◽

Screen Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Conductive Polymer ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Physical Treatment ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Screen Printing Technology

A novel capacitive sensor for measuring the water-level and monitoring the water quality has been developed in this work by using an enhanced screen printing technology. A commonly used environment-friendly conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) for conductive sensors has a limited conductivity due to its high sheet resistance. A physical treatment performed during the printing process has reduced the sheet resistance of printed PEDOT:PSS on polyethylenterephthalat (PET) substrate from 264.39 Ω/sq to 23.44 Ω/sq. The adhesion bonding force between printed PEDOT:PSS and the substrate PET is increased by using chemical treatment and tested using a newly designed adhesive peeling force test. Using the economical conductive ink PEDOT:PSS with this new physical treatment, our capacitive sensors are cost-efficient and have a sensitivity of up to 1.25 pF/mm.

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Evaluating Simple Methodology for Piezoelectric Level Sensors Protection

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecws-4-06448 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Luis Hamilton Pospissil Garbossa ◽

Argeu Vanz ◽

Matias Guilherme Boll ◽

Hamilton Justino Vieira

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Flood Control ◽

Low Cost ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Storm Events ◽

Sewer Systems ◽

Continuous Monitor ◽

Level Monitoring ◽

Water Level Monitoring

The increasing frequency of extreme storm events has implications for the operation of sewer systems, storm water, flood control monitoring and tide level variations. Accurate and continuous monitor water level monitoring is demanded in different environments. Piezoelectric sensors are widely used for water level monitoring and work submerged in waters subject to the presence of solid particles, biological fouling and saltwater oxidation. This work aimed to develop a simple, low-cost methodology to protect sensors over long-term deployment. The results show that simple actions, costing less than 2 EUR, can protect and extend the lifecycle of equipment worth over 2000 EUR, ensuring continuous monitoring and maintaining quality measurements.

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WATER USE BY BROCCOLI PLANTS (Brassica oleracea F, var. Italica)

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2003v8n1p37-43 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Antonio Evaldo Klar ◽

Ed Wilson Da Silva Fontes

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Brassica Oleracea ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Table ◽

Reference Evapotranspiration ◽

Crop Coefficient ◽

Paspalum Notatum ◽

Agricultural Engineering ◽

Class A ◽

Class A Pan

WATER USE BY BROCCOLI PLANTS (Brassica oleracea F, var. Italica) Antonio Evaldo Klar* Ed Wilson da Silva FontesDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences, State University of São Paulo, P.O. 237, CEP 18603-970, Botucatu – SP. E-mail: [email protected]* Scientific Researchist of CNPq. 1 ABSTRACT Broccoli (Brassica oleracea F, var. Italica) plants were transplanted to four lysimeters (116 cm x 116 cm and 150 cm depth), two of them maintained at 40 cm and two at 50 cm water table. Other two lysimeters, one for each level, received grass (Paspalum notatum, F.) to measure Reference Evapotranspiration (EToLY). Surrounded area received 2,500 m2 of broccoli plants with soil water potentials ( s) maintained higher than –30 kPa. The results allowed to conclude: - there were no statistical differences between the plant parameters from 40cm lysimeters and the surrounded area; - the Class A Pan, Radiation-FAO, Penman-FAO and Penman-Monteith Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) methods, in this order, had significant correlations to the data obtained from 40 cm water table level lysimeter; - the Kc (crop coefficient) broccoli values ranged from 0.88 to 1.42 for KcLY (Lysimeters), 1.24 to 2.14 for KcA (Class A Pan), 1.19 to 1.71 for KcPM (Penman-Monteith), 0.95 to1.42 for KcPF (Penman-FAO) and 0.82 to 1.49 for KcR (Radiation-FAO) from stages II to V; - the plant water using ranged from 4.09 to 6.25 mm/day for 40 cm water level, and 2.68 to 5.25 mm/day for 50 cm water level for the same stages, respectively. The lysimeters at 50 cm water level yielded 64,3% less inflorescences and 8.1% lower water using efficiency than the plants from 40 cm water level lysimeters. KEY WORDS: irrigation, evapotranspiration, broccoli. KLAR, A.E.; FONTES, E.W.S. USO D’ÁGUA POR PLANTAS DE BRÓCOLOS (Brassicaoleracea F, var. Itálica). 2 RESUMO Plantas de brócolos foram transplantadas para 4 lisímetros de 116 x 116 de área x 150 cm de profundidade, sendo dois mantidos com 40 cm e outros dois com 50 cm de nível de lençol freático. Outros dois lisímetros foram usados para medir a evapotranspiração de referência (EToLy) com grama batatais nos mesmos níveis de água. Os lisímetros foram colocados no meio de uma cultura de brócolos com área de 2500 m2, com o potencial de água do solo mantido acima de –30kPa. Os resultados permitiram que se concluísse: - não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os valores de área foliar, pesos de matéria seca das folhas e das inflorescências entre as plantas de fora e de dentro dos lisímetros de nível de água de 40 cm; - os métodos do tanque Classe A, FAO-Radiação, Penman-FAO e Penman-Monteith, nesta ordem, correlacionaram-se significativamente com os dados obtidos no lisímetro de grama de nível 40 cm; - os lisímetros com brócolos e nível de 50 cm tiveram produtividade 64,3% menor e mostraram eficiência de uso de água 8,1% menor que os de 40 cm e 2,68 a 5,25 mm de evapotranspiração por dia, não sendo, portanto, indicados para a medir-se EToLY;- os valores dos coeficientes de cultura variaram de 0,88 a 1,42 para KcLY (lisímetro de 40 cm), de 1,24 a 2,14 para KcA (tanque Classe A), de 1,19 a 1,71 para KcPM (Penman-Monteith), de 0,95 a 1,42 para KcPF (Penman-FAO) e de 0,82 a 1,49 para KcR (FAO-Radiação) para os estádios II a V, respectivamente. UNITERMOS: brócolos, coeficiente de cultura, evapotranspiração de referência.

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Comment on "Spatial and temporal variations in plant Water Use Efficiency inferred from tree-ring, eddy covariance and atmospheric observations" by Margriet Groenendijk et al.

10.5194/esd-2016-4-rc2 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Anonymous

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Water Use ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽

Plant Water ◽

Plant Water Use ◽

Atmospheric Observations ◽

Use Efficiency

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Eddy-covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-5-1699-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 1699-1717 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

S. Metzger ◽

W. Junkermann ◽

M. Mauder ◽

F. Beyrich ◽

K. Butterbach-Bahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sensible Heat Flux ◽

Flux Measurement ◽

Wind Measurement ◽

Airborne Measurements ◽

Weight Shift ◽

Flux Measurements

Abstract. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and quality of eddy-covariance flux measurements from a weight-shift microlight aircraft (WSMA). Firstly, we investigate the precision of the wind measurement (σu,v ≤ 0.09 m s−1, σw = 0.04 m s−1), the lynchpin of flux calculations from aircraft. From here, the smallest resolvable changes in friction velocity (0.02 m s−1), and sensible- (5 W m−2) and latent (3 W m−2) heat flux are estimated. Secondly, a seven-day flight campaign was performed near Lindenberg (Germany). Here we compare measurements of wind, temperature, humidity and respective fluxes between a tall tower and the WSMA. The maximum likelihood functional relationship (MLFR) between tower and WSMA measurements considers the random error in the data, and shows very good agreement of the scalar averages. The MLFRs for standard deviations (SDs, 2–34%) and fluxes (17–21%) indicate higher estimates of the airborne measurements compared to the tower. Considering the 99.5% confidence intervals, the observed differences are not significant, with exception of the temperature SD. The comparison with a large-aperture scintillometer reveals lower sensible heat flux estimates at both tower (−40 to −25%) and WSMA (−25–0%). We relate the observed differences to (i) inconsistencies in the temperature and wind measurement at the tower and (ii) the measurement platforms' differing abilities to capture contributions from non-propagating eddies. These findings encourage the use of WSMA as a low cost and highly versatile flux measurement platform.

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An Imaging Capable, Low Cost IoT Node for River Flood Phenomena

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1530 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Evangelos Skoubris ◽

George Hloupis

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

River Basin ◽

Electronic Device ◽

Low Cost ◽

Early Warning Systems ◽

Normal Operation ◽

Warning Sign ◽

Still Images ◽

River Floods ◽

Social Importance

Among all natural disasters, river floods are becoming increasingly frequent. They present high risk and their impact can be fairly destructive and of strong economic, health, and social importance. Key tools to avoid their catastrophic results are the Early Warning Systems (EWS). An EWS usually monitors various physical quantities through a specific hardware, and produce data which after certain processing can detect and estimate the level of the risk.In the current work we present the concept, the design, the application, and some preliminary data regarding a low cost imaging node, part of an EWS aimed for river floods. This EWS consists of various sensing nodes which are mainly equipped with water presence detectors, water level meters, water temperature sensors, along with the necessary networking capability. The novelty of this new node design is that it utilizes a VGA resolution camera which captures still images of a view of interest. The latter can be for example an implementation prone to defects in case of flood, such as a river basin level road crossing, or a bridge. The images can also provide constant monitoring of the river basin state, i.e. to detect the presence of any unwanted objects (waste or other natural & artificial bring materials). Through image processing the images can even provide some coarse data, i.e. water level measurements by utilizing vertical stripped rods within the field of view of the camera.The ability to have a camera usually counteracts the IoT characteristics of an electronic device. Nevertheless, in this design the IoT character of the node was not constrained. The nodes have extended power autonomy (several months via Li-Ion battery, optionally solar rechargeable), present a small size, each node is network independent using GSM and LoRaWAN technology. The data usage is minimized by uploading only 2 QVGA images per day in normal operation (can be increased to a maximum of 48 VGA images per day, if required). In case of risk detection the node also supports the actuation of a local warning sign.

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