scholarly journals Impacts of anthropogenic change on biodiversity affect disease spillover risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline K Glidden ◽  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Morgan P Kain ◽  
Katherine M Lagerstrom ◽  
Eloise B Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Phenological Diversity

The integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction, leading to new efforts to identify win–win solutions for the environment and health. At the forefront of these efforts is pin-pointing ways in which biodiversity conservation can reduce risk of zoonotic spillover, especially given the consequences of epidemics and pandemics of wild animal origin. However, there is currently an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion of biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity, including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity, we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.

scholarly journals Impacts of anthropogenic change on biodiversity affects disease spillover risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline K Glidden ◽  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Morgan P Kain ◽  
Katherine M Lagerstrom ◽  
Eloise B Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
The Relationship

The integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction, leading to new efforts to identify win-win solutions for sustainable development and health. At the forefront of these efforts is pinpointing ways that biodiversity conservation can reduce risk of zoonotic spillover, especially given the consequences of pandemics and epidemics of wild animal origin. However, there is currently an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. One limitation has been a narrow focus on the relationship between infectious disease and species richness only, thus missing other relevant dimensions of biodiversity. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity definitions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. Extending biodiversity to include other dimensions of it, such as functional diversity, landscape diversity, spatiotemporal diversity, and interaction diversity, allows us to identify potential relationships between biodiversity change and zoonotic spillover. By reframing the discussion of biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence while encompassing multiple dimensions of biodiversity, we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention.

scholarly journals Impacts of anthropogenic change on biodiversity affect disease spillover risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline K Glidden ◽  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Morgan P Kain ◽  
Katherine M Lagerstrom ◽  
Eloise B Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
The Relationship

The integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction, leading to new efforts to identify win-win solutions for sustainable development and health. At the forefront of these efforts is pinpointing ways that biodiversity conservation can reduce risk of zoonotic spillover, especially given the consequences of pandemics and epidemics of wild animal origin. However, there is currently an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. One limitation has been a narrow focus on the relationship between infectious disease and species richness only, thus missing other relevant dimensions of biodiversity. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity definitions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. Extending biodiversity to include other dimensions of it, such as functional diversity, landscape diversity, spatiotemporal diversity, and interaction diversity, allows us to identify potential relationships between biodiversity change and zoonotic spillover. By reframing the discussion of biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence while encompassing multiple dimensions of biodiversity, we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention.

scholarly journals Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline K Glidden ◽  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Morgan P Kain ◽  
Katherine M Lagerstrom ◽  
Eloise B Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Integrated Strategies ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Phenological Diversity

Human-mediated changes to natural ecosystems have consequences for both ecosystem and human health. Historically, efforts to preserve or restore ‘biodiversity’ can seem to be in opposition to human interests. However, the integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction in recent years, and new efforts to identify solutions that benefit both environmental and human health are ongoing. At the forefront of these efforts is an attempt to clarify ways in which biodiversity conservation can help reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from wild animals, sparking epidemics and pandemics in humans and livestock. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process is incomplete, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion around biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence—while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity—we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate the goal of spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.

scholarly journals The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing: A systematic evidence review

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110431
Author(s):  
Sonia Livingstone ◽  
Giovanna Mascheroni ◽  
Mariya Stoilova
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Digital Skills ◽  
Evidence Review ◽  
Information Skills ◽  
Research And Policy

Research and policy have invested in the prospect that gaining digital skills enhances children’s and young people’s outcomes. A systematic evidence review of research on digital skills among 12- to 17-year-olds identified 34 studies that used cross-sectional survey methods to examine the association of digital skills with tangible outcomes. Two-thirds concerned the association with online opportunities or other benefits. Another third examined online risks of harm. Findings showed a positive association between digital skills and online opportunities, information benefits, and orientation to technology. Greater digital skills were indirectly linked to greater exposure to online risks, although any link to harm was unclear. While technical skills were linked with mixed or even negative outcomes, information skills were linked with positive outcomes. There was little research on the outcomes of communication or creative digital skills. Future research should examine the dimensions of digital skills separately and encompass a wider range of outcomes.

Challenges in Sharing Computer and Network Logs

2010 ◽  
pp. 2310-2325
Author(s):  
Adam Slagell ◽  
Kiran Lakkaraju
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Made In

It is desirable for many reasons to share information, particularly computer and network logs. Researchers need it for experiments, incident responders need it for collaborative security, and educators need this data for real world examples. However, the sensitive nature of this information often prevents its sharing. Anonymization techniques have been developed in recent years that help reduce risk and navigate the trade-offs between privacy, security and the need to openly share information. This chapter looks at the progress made in this area of research over the past several years, identifies the major problems left to solve and sets a roadmap for future research.

Current Environmental Health Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-67
Author(s):  
Christina Marouli ◽  
Paraskevi Papadopoulou ◽  
Anastasia Misseyanni
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Health Sciences ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Sustainable Societies ◽  
Political Understanding

This is part two of two overview chapters of the most important contemporary environmental health challenges. This second chapter discusses environmental health as a socio-political and ethical issue. It argues that effectively moving towards healthier and sustainable societies requires not only sound scientific knowledge but also policies, medical practices, healthcare systems, and health-related attitudes and behaviors that are informed by a deep socio-political understanding and that reflect a new integrated approach to environment and health. The need for contemporary technological societies to develop mechanisms like education, environmental and health governance, and public accountability for environmental health equity and justice is highlighted. The chapter concludes by proposing a multidimensional framework, based on both natural and social sciences, for the transition to healthy and sustainable societies and for improving the welfare of all people, as well as future research directions for environmental health sciences.

Secondary Data

2018 ◽  
pp. 306-320
Author(s):  
Aaike De Wever ◽  
Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber ◽  
Vanessa Bremerich ◽  
Joerg Freyhof
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Freshwater Ecology ◽  
Biodiversity Data ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Freshwater Management ◽  
Management And Conservation

Understanding biodiversity change and addressing questions in freshwater management and conservation requires access to biodiversity data and information. Unfortunately, large, comprehensive data sources on freshwater ecology and biodiversity are largely lacking. In this chapter, we explain how to take advantage of secondary data and improve data availability for supporting freshwater ecology research and biodiversity conservation. We emphasise the importance of secondary data, give an overview of existing databases (e.g., taxonomy, molecular or occurrence databases), discuss problems in understanding and caveats when using such data, and explain the need to make primary data publicly available.

Minding the Mechanisms: A Discussion of How Mindfulness Leads to Positive Outcomes at Work

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dexter Miksch ◽  
Meghan I. H. Lindeman ◽  
Lebena Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Work Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Mindfulness Practices ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Positive Work

Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) asserted that the many benefits of mindfulness practices have been underutilized and understudied at work. We agree with the focal article's stance that more research is needed on mindfulness at work. We extend this argument to include a request that future research pays attention to the mechanisms responsible for the effects of mindfulness at work. In this commentary, we (a) briefly discuss the practical importance of understanding the mechanisms by which mindfulness practices lead to positive outcomes, (b) outline the mediating mechanisms proposed by the leading theoretical model of mindfulness effects and how those mediators apply to work, and (c) argue that more rigorous, empirical research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which mindfulness practices lead to positive work outcomes.

Positive Affect Related to Health and Risk Messaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Guan ◽  
Jennifer L. Monahan
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Risk Reduction Behavior ◽  
Positive Message ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Positive Feelings

Positive emotional appeals can be an important, if often underutilized, component in health campaigns. Research reviewed from advertising, marketing, health communication, and social influence demonstrated how campaigns can promote risk-reduction behaviors by focusing on positive incentives, highlighting positive outcomes, and evoking positive feelings toward the health-related behavior. People who feel good during and after exposure to a health message tend to have favorable attitudes toward the message, which in turn establishes more open, rather than resistant, attitudes toward the issue or risk-reduction behavior promoted in the message. Along with influencing behavior via attitudes, positive affect can have a direct impact on behavior or intention. As suggested by broaden-and-build theory, positive affect broadens attention and thinking processes, increases openness to information, and helps form beliefs that the behavioral change promoted in the message is possible. Relatedly, positive affect tends to activate approach-oriented behaviors through the function of the behavioral activation system. Two primary strategies have demonstrated efficacy at promoting positive feelings: the use of gain-framed appeals and evoking the core relational theme of happiness. Gain-framed appeals emphasize the rewards obtained by following message recommendations and can boost behavioral adoption, particularly of proscriptive behaviors, by highlighting positive outcomes and goal congruency. Happiness occurs when people believe they are making progress toward realizing their goals, and messages can be created to induce positive feelings like happiness by focusing on self-efficacy, response efficacy, and perceived benefits. Positive message appeals are especially useful for counteracting the potential drawbacks of traditional negative appeals in that they can reduce message fatigue, gain attention, and attenuate psychological reactance. Challenges for future research include increasing efforts to systematically understand how and when to best utilize the power of positive messages in campaigns. Another related challenge is to examine how positive affect is aroused at a particular stage of exposure to health risk messages, and how emotions (both negative and positive), flow, evolve, and transit from one to another (e.g., fear to relief, anxiety to happiness) during and after message exposure.

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