scholarly journals Evolutionary change in metabolic rate of Daphnia pulicaria in response to the invasive predator Bythotrephes longimanus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
varsha rani ◽  
Matthew Walsh ◽  
Tim Burton ◽  
Sigurd Einum
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Bythotrephes Longimanus ◽  
Habitat Shift ◽  
Daphnia Pulicaria ◽  
Lake Mendota ◽  
Resurrection Ecology ◽  
Invasive Predator

Metabolic rate is a trait that can be hypothesized to evolve in response to a change in predation. In the current study, we address this question by utilising an invasive event by the predatory zooplankton Bythotrephes longimanus in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, US. This invasion dramatically impacted the prey Daphnia pulicaria, causing a ~60% decline in their biomass. Using a resurrection ecology approach, we compared the metabolic rate of D. pulicaria clones originating from prior to the Bythotrephes invasion with that of clones having evolved in the presence of Bythotrephes. We observed a 7.4% reduction in metabolic rate among post-invasive clones compared to pre-invasive clones. This change is in the opposite direction to what might be expected to evolve in response to increased predation. The evolution of a lower metabolic rate may instead be due to a habitat shift in the prey species into deeper and less productive waters and associated changes in the optimal metabolic rate.

Evolution or Extinction: Might Zooplankton Adaptively Respond to the Novel Invasive Predator Bythotrephes longimanus?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Bythotrephes Longimanus ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Invasive Predators ◽  
Invasive Predator ◽  
Introduced Predators

Invasive predators are a large and growing threat to species diversity and human well-being. One of the reasons invasive predators have a negative impact is that native prey species do not possess appropriate anti-predator defenses. However, rapid evolution may allow prey species to respond adaptively to introduced predators. When this occurs the impacts of invasive predators are mitigated. An invasive predator that is of concern in North America is the spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus. It disrupts freshwater ecosystems through voracious consumption of zooplankton. Declines in zooplankton abundance and richness reduce water quality and recreational fishing opportunities. However, a species of zooplankton, Daphnia mendotae has been found to adaptively respond to B. longimanus. This adaptation is diel vertical migration, the behavioral change of occupying a lower position in the water column during the day to reduce predation risk. Despite the ecological and economic implications of this behavior in response to B. longimanus, it has only been studied in a few lakes. This study investigated adaptive diel vertical migration in D. mendotae from multiple lakes. This was done by measuring the vertical position of D. mendotae in artificial water columns. It was hypothesized that D. mendotae from lakes that have been invaded by B. longimanus will exhibit diel vertical migration in the presence of B. longimanus. If this hypothesis is supported, rapid evolution of diel vertical migration can be established as a widespread response. This would strengthen understanding of rapid evolution and allow lakes more vulnerable to B.longimanus to be identified.

scholarly journals Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (15) ◽  
pp. 4081-4085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake R. Walsh ◽  
Stephen R. Carpenter ◽  
M. Jake Vander Zanden
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Bythotrephes Longimanus ◽  
Lake Mendota ◽  
Inland Lakes

Despite growing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services and the economic and ecological harm caused by invasive species, linkages between invasions, changes in ecosystem functioning, and in turn, provisioning of ecosystem services remain poorly documented and poorly understood. We evaluate the economic impacts of an invasion that cascaded through a food web to cause substantial declines in water clarity, a valued ecosystem service. The predatory zooplankton, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus), invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the 1980s and has subsequently undergone secondary spread to inland lakes, including Lake Mendota (Wisconsin), in 2009. In Lake Mendota, Bythotrephes has reached unparalleled densities compared with in other lakes, decreasing biomass of the grazer Daphnia pulicaria and causing a decline in water clarity of nearly 1 m. Time series modeling revealed that the loss in water clarity, valued at US$140 million (US$640 per household), could be reversed by a 71% reduction in phosphorus loading. A phosphorus reduction of this magnitude is estimated to cost between US$86.5 million and US$163 million (US$430–US$810 per household). Estimates of the economic effects of Great Lakes invasive species may increase considerably if cases of secondary invasions into inland lakes, such as Lake Mendota, are included. Furthermore, such extreme cases of economic damages call for increased investment in the prevention and control of invasive species to better maximize the economic benefits of such programs. Our results highlight the need to more fully incorporate ecosystem services into our analysis of invasive species impacts, management, and public policy.

scholarly journals Food consumption estimates of Barents Sea harp seals

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell T Nilssen ◽  
Ole-Petter Pedersen ◽  
Lars P Folkow ◽  
Tore Haug
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Harp Seal ◽  
Polar Cod ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Pup Mortality

The consumption of various prey species, required by the Barents Sea harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) stock in order to cover their energy demands, has been estimated by combining data on the energy density of prey species and on seasonal variations in the energy expenditure and body condition of the seals. Data on diet composition and body condition were collected in the period 1990-1996 by sampling harp seals during different seasons, in various areas of the Barents Sea. All diet composition data were based on reconstructed prey biomass, and adjustments were made for differences in digestibility of crustaceans and fish. The number of seals representing different age and sex groups were calculated for the entire population, and the monthly food requirements were estimated. In 1998, the total Barents Sea harp seal stock was estimated to comprise 2.22 million seals based on a mean production of 301,000 pups. After adjustments for a pup mortality of 30% its total annual food consumption was estimated to be in the range of 3.35-5.05 million tonnes (depending on choice of input parameters). Assuming that there are seasonal changes in basal metabolic rate associated withchanges in body mass, and that the field metabolic rate of the seals corresponded to two times their predicted basal metabolic rate, the annual food consumption of the Barents Sea harp seal stock was estimated. If capelin (Mallolus villosus) was assumed to be abundant, the annual total consumption was estimated to be 3.35 million tonnes, of which 1,223,800 tonnes were crustaceans, 807,800 tonneswere capelin, 605,300 tonnes were polar cod (Boreogadus saida), 212,400 tonnes were herring (Clupea harengus), 100,500 tonnes were cod (Gadus morhua) and 404,200 tonnes were "other fish". A very low capelin stock in the Barents Sea (as it was in the period 1993-1996) led to switches in seal diet composition, with increased consumption of polar cod (from ca. 16%-18 % to ca. 23%-25 % oftotal consumption), other gadoids (dominated by cod, but also including haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and saithe (Pollachius virens)), herring, and "other fish". Using the same set of assumptions as in the previous estimate, the total consumption would have been 3.47 million tonnes, divided between various prey species as follows (in tonnes): polar cod 876,000, codfish (cod, saithe and haddock) 359,700, "other fish" 618,800, herring 392,500, and crustaceans 1,204,200. Overall, the largest quantities of food were estimated to be consumed in the period June-September.In 1999, the total Barents Sea harp seal stock size was estimated to be 2.18 (95% CI, 1.79 to 2.58) million animals, which would give an annual food consumption in the range of 2,69 - 3.96 million tonnes (based on upper and lower 95% confidence limits and adjusted for a pup mortality rate of 0.3) if capelin is assumed to be abundant.

Predator-Prey Interactions

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Basic Property ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
History Of

Predation has been given many different definitions. For the purposes of this chapter, it is an interaction in which one free-living individual kills and derives resources from another organism. This definition includes finches that consume seeds but does not include fish that eat the siphons of clams that are unable to retract them quickly enough (assuming the clam usually survives the loss of tissue). Both broader and narrower definitions of predation are possible, and a variety can be found in ecology textbooks. Because broad definitions include herbivory and parasitism as forms of predation, the definition used here was chosen to minimize overlap with other chapters in this section. Predation probably arose early in the history of life, and since then, it has been a major source of natural selection on both parties in the interaction. Given the lethal consequences of predation, it is clear that predators will usually have some effect on the rate of increase of their prey. If prey differ in their susceptibility to predators due to heritable differences in characteristics, evolutionary change in antipredator traits will ensue. Because predators must consume prey to survive and reproduce, the selective importance of predation-related traits is obvious. Predators have undergone considerable change and diversification since the first predatory protocell evolved from what was probably a scavenging ancestor. Darwin regarded some of the clearest cases of natural selection as due to the interactions between predator and prey, and that viewpoint is also held by many current-day evolutionary biologists (e.g., Dawkins and Krebs 1979; Vermeij 1994). Predation can be regarded as the most basic interaction between populations. Herbivory and parasitism share the basic property of predation, that one organism consumes some or all of another living organism. Many cases of competition involve predation on the same set of prey species by two or more different predator species. Even when competitors consume nonliving foods, many aspects of the consumption process are similar to consumption of prey by predators. Even mutualism frequently involves one organism eating parts or products of another.

Development of new predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Iranian healthy adults: negligible effect of sex

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bahareh Nikooyeh ◽  
Nastaran Shariatzadeh ◽  
Ali Kalayi ◽  
Maliheh Zahedirad ◽  
Tirang R. Neyestani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function ◽  
Asian People ◽  
Predictive Formulas

Abstract. Some studies have reported inaccuracy of predicting basal metabolic rate (BMR) by using common equations for Asian people. Thus, this study was undertaken to develop new predictive equations for the Iranian community and also to compare their accuracy with the commonly used formulas. Anthropometric measures and thyroid function were evaluated for 267 healthy subjects (18–60 y). Indirect calorimetry (InCal) was performed only for those participants with normal thyroid function tests (n = 252). Comparison of predicted RMR (both kcal/d and kcal.kg.wt−1.d−1) using current predictive formulas and measured RMR revealed that Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/UNU significantly over-estimated and Mifflin-St. Jeor significantly under-estimated RMR as compared to InCal measurements. In stepwise regression analysis for developing new equations, the highest r2 (=0.89) was from a model comprising sex, height and weight. However, further analyses revealed that unlike the subjects under 30 y, the association between age and the measured RMR in subjects 30 y and plus was negative (r = −0.241, p = 0.001). As a result, two separate equations were developed for these two age groups. Over 80 percent of variations were covered by the new equations. In conclusion, there were statistical significant under- and over-estimation of RMR using common predictive equations in our subjects. Using the new equations, the accuracy of the calculated RMR increased remarkably.

Nutrient pattern of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E increase resting metabolic rate of overweight and obese women

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Habib Yarizadeh ◽  
Leila Setayesh ◽  
Caroline Roberts ◽  
Mir Saeed Yekaninejad ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Patterns

Abstract. Objectives: Obesity plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A low resting metabolic rate (RMR) for a given body size and composition is a risk factor for obesity, however, there is limited evidence available regarding the association of nutrient patterns and RMR. The aim of this study was to determine the association of nutrient patterns and RMR in overweight and obese women. Study design: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 360 women who were overweight or obese. Method: Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative standard food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient patterns were also extracted by principal components analysis (PCA). All participants were evaluated for their body composition, RMR, and blood parameters. Result: Three nutrient patterns explaining 64% of the variance in dietary nutrients consumption were identified as B-complex-mineral, antioxidant, and unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin E (USFA-vit E) respectively. Participants were categorized into two groups based on the nutrient patterns. High scores of USFA-vit E pattern was significantly associated with the increase of RMR (β = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.79 to 68.16, p = 0.04). No significant associations were found among B-complex-mineral pattern (β = −0.00, 95% CI = −49.67 to 46.03, p = 0.94) and antioxidant pattern (β = 0.03, 95% CI −41.42 to 22.59, p = 0.56) with RMR. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the “USFA-vit E” pattern (such as PUFA, oleic, linoleic, vit.E, α-tocopherol and EPA) was associated with increased RMR.

Is Red Really Romantic?

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle K. Lehmann ◽  
Robert J. Calin-Jageman
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Quality Controls

Abstract. Red has been reported to enhance attraction for women rating men ( Elliot et al., 2010 ) and men rating women ( Elliot & Niesta, 2008 ). We replicated one of these studies online and in-person. To ensure rigor, we obtained original materials, planned for informative sample sizes, pre-registered our study, used a positive control, and adopted quality controls. For men, we found a very weak effect in the predicted direction (d = 0.09, 95% CI [−0.17, 0.34], N = 242). For women, we found a very weak effect in the opposite direction (d = −0.09, 95% CI [−0.30, 0.12], N = 360). The original studies may have overestimated the red effect, our studies may be an underestimate, or there could be strong moderation of the effect of red on attraction.

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