scholarly journals Larval Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) Do Not Emigrate from a Risky Habitat Under Semi-natural Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Jacqueline L. Ayotte ◽  
István Imre
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Body Extract ◽  
Behavioural Manipulation

Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), invaded the upper Great Lakes in the early 20th century, precipitating abrupt declines ina number of native fish species. A recently proposed alternative method for the behavioural manipulation of Sea Lamprey populations is the use of conspecific damage-released alarm and predator cues as potential repellents. We examined whether larval Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ammocoetes can be manipulated to emigrate from an area by labeling their habitat “risky” with the regular release of chemosensory alarm cues over several days. in a semi-natural laboratory environment, we exposed eight replicate groups of eight ammocoetes twice a day, for 7 days, to deionized water (control), ammocoete whole-body extract (damage-released alarm cue), and 2-phenylethylamine HCl (predator cue). None of the experimental stimuli induced emigration from the experimental arena. This approach does not hold any promise for ammocoete behavioural manipulation in the context of a Sea Lamprey integrated management program.

Evaluating potential artefacts of photo-reversal on behavioural studies with nocturnal invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barnett ◽  
I. Imre ◽  
C.M. Wagner ◽  
R.T. Di Rocco ◽  
N.S. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Antipredator Response ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Body Extract ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Predator Cue

Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) are nocturnal, so experiments evaluating their behaviour to chemosensory cues have typically been conducted at night. However, given the brief timeframe each year that adult P. marinus are available for experimentation, we investigated whether P. marinus exposed to a 12 h shifted diurnal cycle (reversed photoperiod) could be tested in a darkened arena during the day and show the same response to chemosensory cues as natural photoperiod P. marinus that were tested during the night. Ten replicates of 10 P. marinus, from each photoperiod, were exposed to deionized water (negative control), 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA HCl, putative predator cue), or P. marinus whole-body extract (conspecific alarm cue). All P. marinus demonstrated a significant avoidance response to both cues. No significant differences were found in avoidance to PEA HCl between photoperiods. Avoidance of P. marinus whole-body extract was significantly stronger in natural compared with reversed photoperiod P. marinus. The use of reversed photoperiod subjects is suitable for examining the presence or absence of avoidance in response to novel chemosensory alarm cues, or the change in the magnitude of antipredator response. Studies investigating the natural magnitude of antipredator response should use natural photoperiod experimental subjects.

Behavioural response of larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in a laboratory environment to potential damage-released chemical alarm cues

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Perrault ◽  
I. Imre ◽  
G.E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Xiphophorus Hellerii ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Rate Of Escape

Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) invaded the Great Lakes early in the 20th century and have caused economic and ecological damage to native fish species. The integrated sea lamprey control program involves low-head barrier dams, lampricides, and trapping. The search for low cost and less toxic alternatives to lampricides could involve the use of repellents in the form of chemical alarm cues. The objective of this study was to determine whether larval sea lamprey showed a behavioural response when exposed to damage-released chemical alarm cues by increasing their swimming time, rate of direction changes, or rate of escape attempts in an artificial stream channel experiment. Larval sea lampreys were exposed to conspecific larval sea lamprey extract, heterospecific swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848) extract, or a distilled water control. The larvae increased their rate of escape attempts after exposure to both swordtail and larval lamprey extracts and their rate of direction changes after exposure to sea lamprey extract. However, larvae did not increase their swimming time in response to any experimental stimuli. This is the first study to suggest that larval sea lamprey respond to potential chemosensory risk assessment cues.

Classification of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Attack Marks on Great Lakes Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1989-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett Louis King Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Oral Disc ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Sea Lampreys

Criteria for the classification of marks inflicted by sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) into nine categories were developed from laboratory studies in an attempt to refine the classification system used in field assessment work. These criteria were based on characteristics of the attachment site that could be identified under field conditions by unaided visual means and by touching the attachment site. Healing of these marks was somewhat variable and was influenced by the size of lamprey, duration of attachment, severity of the wound at lamprey detachment, season and water temperature, and by other less obvious factors. Even under laboratory conditions staging of some wounds was difficult, especially at low water temperatures. If these criteria are to be used effectively and with precision in the field, close examination of individual fish may be required. If the feeding and density of specific year-classes of sea lampreys are to be accurately assessed on an annual basis, close attention to the wound size (as it reflects the size of the lamprey's oral disc) and character of wounds on fish will be required as well as consideration of the season of the year in which they are observed.Key words: sea lamprey, attack marks, lake trout, Great Lakes

Seasonal growth and duration of the parasitic life stage of the landlocked sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1257-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Bergstedt ◽  
William D. Swink
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Host Mortality

We used lengths and weights of 2367 live parasitic-phase sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) collected from Lake Huron, 1984–1990, to calculate their mean size at half-month intervals. Growth in weight was linear during June through September; increments averaged 11.1 g per half month. Growth increased sharply in October to several times the summer rate. We speculate that the increase in growth in October is explained partly by water temperature and partly by an increase in appetite related to the onset of gonadal development. The greater compression of biomass accumulation in autumn than has been previously demonstrated better explains the autumn pulse of sea lamprey induced host mortality. Based on the seasonal pattern of growth and on recaptures of marked sea lampreys, we conclude that landlocked individuals grow to adult size and mature in one parasitic growth year. Regressions of weight (grams) on total length (millimetres) differed significantly among months, and the season of collection must be considered in predicting weight from length.

scholarly journals Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus : an exception to the rule of homing in anadromous fishes

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Waldman ◽  
Cheryl Grunwald ◽  
Isaac Wirgin
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Control Region ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Pheromonal Communication

Anadromous fishes are believed to make regular circuits of migration in the sea before homing to their natal rivers. Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an anadromous fish that is an exception to this life-history pattern. It also differs from other anadromous fishes in that its adult phase is parasitic, a feeding strategy that should make homing problematic for lamprey cohorts that become widely dispersed through transport by the diverse hosts they parasitize. We sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region from sea lampreys collected from 11 North American east coast rivers to test for genetic evidence of homing. There were no significant differences ( Χ 2 =235.1, p =0.401) in haplotype frequencies among them, with almost 99 per cent of haplotypic diversity occurring within populations. These findings, together with concordant genetic results from other geographical regions and ancillary information on pheromonal communication, suggest that sea lamprey does not home but rather exhibits regional panmixia while using a novel ‘suitable river’ strategy to complete its life cycle.

Olfactory-mediated stream-finding behavior of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance A. Vrieze ◽  
Roger A. Bergstedt ◽  
Peter W. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
River Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Anadromous Fish ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Novel Strategy

Stream-finding behavior of adult sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ), an anadromous fish that relies on pheromones to locate spawning streams, was documented in the vicinity of an important spawning river in the Great Lakes. Untreated and anosmic migrating sea lampreys were implanted with acoustic transmitters and then released outside the Ocqueoc River. Lampreys swam only at night and then actively. When outside of the river plume, lampreys pursued relatively straight bearings parallel to the shoreline while making frequent vertical excursions. In contrast, when within the plume, lampreys made large turns and exhibited a weak bias towards the river mouth, which one-third of them entered. The behavior of anosmic lampreys resembled that of untreated lampreys outside of the plume, except they pursued a more northerly compass bearing. To locate streams, sea lampreys appear to employ a three-phase odor-mediated strategy that involves an initial search along shorelines while casting vertically, followed by river-water-induced turning that brings them close to the river’s mouth, which they then enter using rheotaxis. This novel strategy differs from that of salmonids and appears to offer this poor swimmer adaptive flexibility and suggests ways that pheromonal odors might be used to manage this invasive species.

Metamorphosis in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Potter ◽  
G. M. Wright ◽  
J. H. Youson
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Increased Activity

A study has been made of metamorphosis in anadromous sea lampreys in New Brunswick between 1973 and 1976. The stages (1–7) commence with the recently described 'prometamorphic ammocoete' (Youson, J. H., G. M. Wright, and E. C. Ooi. 1977. The timing of changes in several internal organs during metamorphosis of anadromous larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. Can. J. Zool. 55: 469–473.) and conclude with one similar to the newly metamorphosed landlocked sea lamprey (Manion, P. J., and T. M. Stauffer. 1970. Metamorphosis of the landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 1735–1746.). Most of the marked quantitative changes exhibited by certain regions of the body can be directly related to adaptations for suctorial feeding, increased activity, and a predaceous mode of life. Reductions in the prebranchial length are almost certainly associated with changes in the pharyngeal basket which facilitate alterations in the direction of the respiratory water flow. The timing of metamorphosis was remarkably synchronous both within and between years, representatives of the earliest stages (1–2) being found only between July 7 and 28 while after September 14 only stage 7 animals were caught. During metamorphosis the lengths of the animals changed little whereas their weights declined significantly. The weights and condition factors of stage 1–2 animals were significantly greater than those of larvae of comparable length. This feature, presumably related to lipid accumulation at the end of larval life, is discussed in the context of factors influencing the onset of metamorphosis.

Sex Ratios and Lengths of Adult Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) from a Lake Ontario Tributary

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Potter ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
B. G. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Humber River

The mean lengths of adult males and females of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) migrating into the Humber River from Lake Ontario in each of the years 1968–1972 varied little, and were similar to those found by other workers in recently established populations in the upper lakes. In contrast, the ratio of males to females, which lay within the narrow range of 1:1 to 1.26:1, was similar to those reported for long-established populations.

Effects of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Control in the Great Lakes on Aquatic Plants, Invertebrates, and Amphibians

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1895-1905 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Gllderhus ◽  
B. G. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Sea Lampreys

The chemicals 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) or a combination of TFM and 2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) have been used to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes for about 20 yr. These chemicals cause some mortalities of Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, immature forms of Ephemeroptera (Hexagenia sp.), and certain Trichoptera, Simuliidae, and Amphibia (Necturus sp.). The combination of TFM and Bayer 73 may affect some Pelecypoda and Gastropoda, but its overall effects on invertebrates are probably less than those of TFM alone. Granular Bayer 73 is likely to induce mortalities among oligochaetes, microcrustaceans, chironomids, and pelecypods. No evidence exists that the lampricides have caused the catastrophic decline or disappearance of any species. The overall impact of chemical control of sea lampreys on aquatic communities has been minor compared with the benefits derived.Key words: sea lamprey control, Great Lakes, TFM, Bayer 73, aquatic plants, invertebrates, amphibians

Ecology of Larval and Metamorphosing Lampreys

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1641-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Fast Growth Rate ◽  
Frequency Curves

Ammocoetes are relatively sedentary burrowing animals. Movement is related to water discharge, temperature, and season, and occurs predominantly downstream and at night. Growth is asymptotic and seasonal. At the end of larval life, the ammocoete ceases to increase markedly in length and starts to accumulate lipid. Length–frequency curves and data on kidney growth indicate that, in relatively stable and productive sites, ammocoetes of long established populations of the landlocked and anadromous sea lamprey take ~ 5 yr to reach metamorphosing length. Many animals probably enter transformation within a further 3 yr. information from an isolated population in the Big Garlic River and from other tributaries of lakes Superior and Michigan, some of which had been treated with larvicide, shows that the onset of metamorphosis can be highly variable and is apparently related to the growth rates and size of larvae. A short larval life is usually associated with a fast growth rate of ammocoetes, as is sometimes found in rivers where the use of larvicide has reduced population density. The landlocked sea lamprey tends to metamorphose at a longer length and at a greater age than other parasitic lampreys. During metamorphosis, which usually begins in the summer, lampreys maintain length but lose weight as a result of mobilization of lipid. The time between initiation of transformation and onset of feeding is generally 4–10 mo. The downstream migration of metamorphosed animals is nocturnal and is influenced by freshwater discharge. Comparisons are drawn between the sex ratios of sea lampreys in the upper Great Lakes and those of other populations.Key words: ammocoete, habitats, growth, mortality, larvicide, lipid, metamorphosis, migration, sex ratio, Great Lakes

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