scholarly journals Mobile 4G LTE Networks Mobility and Coverage for Some Locations in Ibadan Using Path Loss Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Ogunsola ◽  
◽  
O. Adeleke ◽  
O.I. Olaluwoye
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Reference Distance

The recent migration of most GSM service providers’ networks in Ibadan from 3G to 4G, in preparation for the deployment of 5G technology in the nation necessitated the need to re-examine the GSM networks’ mobility and coverage within the micro cells in-between a Base Station and a Mobile Station. This attempt is aimed at using existing Path Loss Propagation Models in proffering solutions to the negative consequences usually associated with call drops in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Ibadan due to inability of channels to handover as a result of path loss. The path loss (dB) analysis was carried out by measuring the Received Signal Strength RSS (dBm) at distances ranging from 0.05 km to 4 km in-between Base Stations and Mobile Stations using the factory fitted installed RSS software on Android phones. These measurements were taken for three weeks within the urban and suburban areas of the University of Ibadan campus, and its neighborhood community of Agbowo for ten selected existing Base Stations from four of the nationwide GSM Service Providers (SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4) in Nigeria. The variation of path loss with the RSS for GSM Service Provider (SP1) propagating at 955MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1850MHz and 2120MHz, were 66.03 dB, 71.77 dB and 72.96 dB, respectively. However, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 101.59dB for 955MHz, 103.81dB for 1850MHz and 105dB for 2120MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP2) propagating at 960MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1865MHz and 2150MHz were 66.07 dB, 71.84 dB and 73.08 dB, respectively. Moreover, in a similar manner to the SP1 service provider, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 104.14dB for 960MHz, 109.9dB for 1865MHz and 111.14dB for 2150MHz. Furthermore, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP3) propagating at 950MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1835MHz and 2130MHz were 65.98 dB, 71.70 dB and 73.00 dB, respectively. Likewise, as was in the case of the SP1 and SP2 Service providers, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 104.05dB for 950MHz, 109.76dB for 1835MHz and 111.06dB for 2130MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP4) propagating at 940MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1880MHz and 2140MHz, were 65.47 dB, 71.46 dB and 72.23 dB, respectively. Moreover, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 103.53dB for 940MHz, 109.52dB for 1880MHz and 110.29dB for 2140 MHz as was the case with the other GSM Service providers (SP!, SP2 and SP3) considered .Thus, the path loss increases with distance within the microcells of base stations. However, the path loss model with minimum path loss (dB) at a given distance enhances good coverage and handover postponement. Moreover, the mean square error values used in obtaining the accuracy between the measured and the Empirical models were 17.15dB, 59.69dB, 48.46dB, 60.52dB and 40.07dB for the C-model, Cost-OH, Sub-O, Lee-model and experimental model, respectively. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider

scholarly journals Investigation of a New Handover Approach in LTE and WiMAX

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nour Hindia ◽  
Ahmed Wasif Reza ◽  
Kamarul Ariffin Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Received Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Vertical Handovers ◽  
Minimum Number

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges in heterogeneous networks is the connection consistency between the mobile station and the base stations. Furthermore, along the roaming process between the mobile station and the base station, the system performance degrades significantly due to the interferences from neighboring base stations, handovers to inaccurate base station and inappropriate technology selection. In this paper, several algorithms are proposed to improve mobile station performance and seamless mobility across the long-term evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technologies, along with a minimum number of redundant handovers. Firstly, the enhanced global positioning system (GPS) and the novel received signal strength (RSS) prediction approaches are suggested to predict the target base station accurately. Then, the multiple criteria with two thresholds algorithm is proposed to prioritize the selection between LTE and WiMAX as the target technology. In addition, this study also covers the intercell and cochannel interference reduction by adjusting the frequency reuse ratio 3 (FRR3) to work with LTE and WiMAX. The obtained results demonstrate high next base station prediction efficiency and high accuracy for both horizontal and vertical handovers. Moreover, the received signal strength is kept at levels higher than the threshold, while maintaining low connection cost and delay within acceptable levels. In order to highlight the combination of the proposed algorithms’ performance, it is compared with the existing RSS and multiple criteria handover decision algorithms.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of handover parameter for natural disaster in LTE-A network

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Azita Laily Yusof ◽  
Ainnur Eiza Mohd Azhar ◽  
Norsuzila Ya’acob
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Optimal Value

<span>Natural disaster is an unpredictable event which can cause service communication disruption. The disruption of service communication can be divided into three cases which are power outage, broken backhaul and physical destruction by disaster. This paper focuses on power outage case. Although each base stations equipped with backup batteries, it only last for several hours. After natural disaster hit certain areas, traffic is highly congested due to panic and rescue operation of lifesaving. This scenario will drain the backup batteries quickly. In order to limit the UEs’ connection to the affected base station, this research proposed to adjust Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on parameter called as a distance fraction coefficient, α so that the affected coverage area is reduced when in disaster area situation. The parameter is added in the path loss equation and later in the RSS equation. The numerical results show the RSS improved whereby α=0.2 gives the optimal value and therefore limit the incoming traffic to the affected base station. </span>

scholarly journals Mapping and Monitoring of Cell Signal Strength Using an Android-Based CDMA Mobile

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Roselina Febriati
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cell Identity ◽  
Cell Signal ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Monitoring Result ◽  
Sd Card

In this study, an application was made that functions to map and monitor the signal strength of CDMA network cells using Android-based CDMA cellphones. This application functions to determine the signal quality of a CDMA network when the mapping and monitoring process is carried out. Cell signal strength information in Mappingke in a map based on google map. Meanwhile, information from monitoring results can be saved on the SD Card of the handphone with the .csv file format. the results of testing the information that can be map to the google map are the position of the BTS, the position of the MS, the value of RSSI and Ec / Io. Meanwhile, the monitoring result information that can be stored in a mobile SDCard is time, network type, CDMA cell identity which includes SID, NID, BID, base station latitude and longitude base station, MS position, cell signal strength which includes RSSI, Ec / Iodan SNR, along with the distance between MS and BTS.The CDMA cell identity information displayed by the application on the Samsung Galaxy Young mobile phone in the Malang area is correct and in accordance with the operator's data. The mapping information of RSSI and Ec / Io values ??into the google map is correct according to the value of the RSSI and Ec / Io base stations captured by the mobile station.

scholarly journals Radio network planning and human exposure to electromagnetic fields

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baldauf ◽  
W. Sörgel ◽  
W. Wiesbeck
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
Transmit Power Control

Abstract. This paper analyzes the effect of a change in cell size and of transmit power control on the human exposure to electromagnetic fields. In a simplified network configuration the well accepted COST-Hata model is considered to assess the path loss. It is shown that increasing the base station density will not generally raise the exposure but can rather help to lower it significantly. The exposure due to base stations is hardly affected by allowing a transmit power reduction at the base station for individual links. In contrast to this, it is demonstrated that transmit power control at the mobile station is a helpful means to lower the exposure efficiently.

scholarly journals Selection and Optimization of Most Suitable Path Loss Prediction Model for Suburban City in Nigeria Using Spline Interpolation

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. Danladi ◽  
N. W. Silikwa ◽  
K. G. Gaya ◽  
A. H. Augustine
Keyword(s):  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Loss Prediction ◽  
Path Loss Prediction ◽  
Base Transceiver Station ◽  
Optimized Model

Path loss is an attenuation of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) signal between Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Mobile Station (MS). Path loss helps network engineers in planning, designing and implementing telecommunication networks. This work examines the applicability of Hata, COST 231, ECC – 33, Ericsson and SUI models in a medium city (Mubi) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and the predicted losses (output of the models) is obtained as 7.632dB, 14.736dB, 10.593dB, 0.639dB and 23.491dB respectively. Ericsson model is found to have the least RMSE. Therefore, it is selected as the best fit model and modified. Furthermore, the modified model is optimized to recover missing or to eliminate unwanted information in the radio path using spline interpolation. The optimized model can be employed for the deployment of network resources in suburban areas of Nigeria, especially in Mubi town in Adamawa State, in order to significantly enhance GSM signal QoS. It is recommended that fuzzy logic and spline interpolation techniques may be integrated and employed to further minimize the error obtained in this work.

scholarly journals Determination of an Outdoor Path Loss Model and Signal Penetration Level in Some Selected Modern Residential and Office Apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
V. O. A. Akpaida ◽  
F. I. Anyasi ◽  
S. I. Uzairue ◽  
A. I. Idim
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Exponent ◽  
Received Power

This article involves the site specific determination of an outdoor path loss model and Signal penetration level in some selected modern residential and office apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Measurements of signal strength and its associated location parameters referenced globally were carried out. Propagation path loss characteristics of Ogbomosho were investigated using three different locations with distinctively different yet modern building materials. Consequently, received signal strength (RSS) was measured at a distance d in meters, from appropriate base stations for various environments investigated. The data were analyzed to determine the propagation path loss exponent, signal penetration level and path loss characteristics. From calculations, the average building penetration losses were, 5.93dBm, 6.40dBm and 6.1dBm outside the hollow blocks B1, solid blocks B2 and hollow blocks mixed with pre cast asbestos B3, buildings respectively with a corresponding path loss exponent values of, 3.77, 3.80 and 3.63. Models were developed and validated, and used to predict the received power inside specific buildings. Moreover, the propagation models developed for the different building types can be used to predict the respective signal level within the building types, once the transmitter – receiver distance is known. The readings obtained from the developed models were compared with both the measured values and values computed using some existing models with satisfactory results obtained.

scholarly journals Reducing the Frequent Switch Over between the Base Stations through Continuous Analysis of Signal Strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
M. R. Regitha ◽  
Varghese Paul
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Continuous Analysis

As the increase in the number of mobiles and mobile networks, the existing standards and technologies face several issues and challenges. In the mobility management of cellular networks, HO is the important parameter on which these issues and challenges affect drastically. Several research papers have proposed many ideas and schemes to reduce HO latency. As the increase in the number new technologies and networks, the existing ideas are no longer supported efficiently. So a continuous analysis on handover (HO) procedure is required. Signal strength (SS) and quality of service (QoS) are measured at particular time intervals in cellular networks. Results show that the highest value of signal strength has the best quality of service. In this paper, a continuous analysis on signal strength received by the mobile station (MS) is used to monitor the HO process to reduce the HO delay. In this analysis, the parameters user movement pattern, topological position, signal strength and time are used which will be helpful to forecast the HO in advance. Using HO forecast minimum number of frequent switch over between the base stations (BSs) reduces the HO latency in mobile networks.

scholarly journals Single base station hybrid TOA/AOD/AOA localization algorithms with the synchronization error in dense multipath environment

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixun Wu ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Synchronization Error ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Localization Algorithms ◽  
Multipath Environment

AbstractMobile station (MS) localization in a cellular network is appealing to both industrial community and academia, due to the wide applications of location-based services. The main challenge is the unknown one-bound (OB) and multiple-bound (MB) scattering environment in dense multipath environment. Moreover, multiple base stations (BSs) are required to be involved in the localization process, and the precise time synchronization between MS and BSs is assumed. In order to address these problems, hybrid time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA) measurement model from the serving BS with the synchronization error is investigated in this paper. In OB scattering environment, four linear least square (LLS), one quadratic programming and data fusion-based localization algorithms are proposed to eliminate the effect of the synchronization error. In addition, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of our localization model on the root mean-square error (RMSE) is derived. In hybrid OB and MB scattering environment, a novel double identification algorithm (DIA) is proposed to identify the MB path. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are capable to deal with the synchronization error, and LLS-based localization algorithms show better localization accuracy. Furthermore, the DIA can correctly identify the MB path, and the RMSE comparison of different algorithms further prove the effectiveness of the DIA.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooperative Femtocell Networks via Base Station Switching Off

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woongsup Lee ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cooperative Transmission ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Bs Switching ◽  
Optimal Set

Recently, energy efficiency (EE) of cellular networks has become an important performance metric, and several techniques have been proposed to increase the EE. Among them, turning off base stations (BSs) when not needed is considered as one of the most powerful techniques due to its simple operation and effectiveness. Herein, we propose a novel BS switching-off technique for cooperative femtocell networks where multiple femtocell BSs (FBSs) simultaneously send packets to the same mobile station (MS). Unlike conventional schemes, cooperative operation of FBSs, also known as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission, is considered to determine which BSs are turned off in the proposed technique. We first formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal set of FBSs to be turned off. Then, we propose a suboptimal scheme operating in a distributed manner in order to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal scheme. The suboptimal scheme is based on throughput ratio (TR) which specifies the importance of a particular FBS for the cooperative transmission. Through simulations, we show that the energy consumption can be greatly reduced with the proposed technique, compared with conventional schemes. Moreover, we show that the suboptimal scheme also achieves the near-optimal performance even without the excessive computations.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Predicting Customer Churn and Lifetime

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
O. Adesua ◽  
◽  
P.A. Danquah ◽  
O.B Longe
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Churn Prediction ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Customer Churn ◽  
Customer Lifetime ◽  
Station Mobile

The problem to be investigated in this research is that of predicting customers who are at risk of leaving the company, a term called churn prediction in telecommunication. The aim of this research is to predict customer churn and further focus on creating customer lifetime profiles. These profiles will allow the company to fit their customer base into n categories and make a long estimation on when a customer is potentially going to terminate their service with the company. The research then proceeds to provide a comparative analysis of neural networks and survival analysis in their capabilities of predicting customer churn and lifetime. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider

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