Forest Farm Fire Drone Monitoring System Based on Deep Learning and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery

Forest fires represent one of the main problems threatening forest sustainability. Therefore, an early prevention system of forest fire is urgently needed. To address the problem of forest farm fire monitoring, this paper proposes a forest fire monitoring system based on drones and deep learning. The proposed system aims to solve the shortcomings of traditional forest fire monitoring systems, such as blind spots, poor real-time performance, expensive operational costs, and large resource consumption. The image processing techniques are used to determine whether the frame returned by a drone contains fire. This process is accomplished in real time, and the resultant information is used to decide whether a rescue operation is needed. The proposed method has simple operations, high operating efficiency, and low operating cost. The experimental results indicate that the relative accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 81.97%. In addition, the proposed technique provides a digital ability to monitor forest fires in real time effectively. Thus, it can assist in avoiding fire-related disasters and can significantly reduce the labor and other costs of forest fire disaster prevention and suppression.

Extraterritorial application of the right to life on the high sea . Commentary to the Views adopted by the Human Rights Committee of 27 January 2021, A.S., D.I., O.I. and G.D. against Italy, Communication No. 3042/2017

The subject matter of this commentary, which instigates the Views of the Human Rights Committee of 27 January 2021, is the protection of one of the fundamental human rights – the right to life. The Committee, as an authority appointed to oversee compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, had to decide on the issue of Italy’s responsibility for failing to provide assistance to a boat in distress, even if the area in which the vessel was located was not within the territory of this state and other acts of international law attribute the responsibility for executing the rescue operation to a third country. According to the Committee’s views, which applied extraterritorial approach to the protection of the right to life, whenever states have the opportunity to take action for the protection of human rights they should do everything possible in a given situation to help people in need.

On the functioning of the «System of emergency assistance to the population on a single telephone number 112»: foreign experience and opportunities for its use in Ukraine.

The article analyzes the positive foreign experience of the emergency assistance system to the single telephone number 112. It has been established that the main purpose of implementing the system of emergency assistance to the single telephone number 112 in Ukraine is to provide timely assistance to European level with the ability to communicate in foreign languages, prompt involvement of necessary emergency services, which is a decisive factor in providing assistance, emergency response. The study examines the structure of emergency response centers and their main powers. The main function of any emergency response center is to receive calls to the emergency number 112 and to refer the relevant units to assist the applicant or other persons who find themselves in an emergency. The functions of regional centers also include providing information to the public on issues that are not classified as emergency. The article also considers the issues of training employees who receive calls to the single emergency number 112, their interaction with each other during the performance of duties at emergency response centers, as well as their interaction with employees who directly provide assistance to scene. It is established that the training of operators who organize the rescue operation is carried out at the police academy. An appropriate operator training center has been set up for their training at the academy. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the use of positive foreign experience allows to quickly and effectively achieve international standards of emergency care.

IMPROVEMENT OF RESCUE OPERATION WHEN POSTING GRINDING BALLS INTO A DIGGER

A characteristic feature of modern industries is the steady growth of mechanization and automation of production processes. The economic and social significance of mechanization is manifested in a wide range of measures aimed at replacing manual labor with machines and mechanisms, the transition to higher levels of mechanization, and ultimately to the highest degree of mechanization of automation. The combined development of science and technology significantly affects both complex and partial (non-complex) mechanization of production processes, generating an increase in the number of parts. A significant place in the technology of manufacturing parts is the casting process. About half of the parts are made of molten metals and other materials. One of the common methods is die casting. Shells (molds) of metal or cast iron molds, for free (gravitational) filling with liquid metal, are used repeatedly. Detachable and non-removable (solid) molds are used. The opening surface of the detachable mold can be horizontal, vertical, or combined. The subject of the study is a mold, which consists of two half-shapes with a vertical opening surface and pins of mutual centering of the shells. A wide range of enterprises: mining and processing plants, cement plants, construction plants, energy generating companies, etc. use the products of casting in the mold grinding layers. All types and sizes of grinding layers are intended for grinding of raw materials. Due to various technical reasons, during casting, a metal film is formed near the grinding balls, which fills the entire surface of the opening of the detachable mold. The operation of removing the lattice from the grinding layers is necessary to reproduce the geometric shape, quality requirements and considerations of industrial aesthetics of the product. Performing such an additional operation requires the collective work of employees with the use of physical force and appropriate tools. Existing technology with the use of metalwork tools leads to a deterioration in the appearance of the layers, and sometimes to damage the products. The essence of improving the lattice operation is to use a specially designed device for this operation, which in turn creates the conditions for mechanization of the production of grinding balls.

Optimal maneuvering of vessel towards emergency object

The article considers the review of planning for the search of a vessel in distress as a tactical method of conducting a search and rescue operation, which is a set of organizational and technical measures that contribute to the detection of the coordinates of the location of the vessel in distress. It has been proved that the effectiveness of the considered planning method depends on the a priori given area, in which the search and detection of the person in distress is conducted. Modern vessels are equipped with such technical means of navigation and communication that clearly solve the problem of uncertainty in the current location of the emergency vessel. The well-known tactical methods of conducting a search and rescue operation can be expanded by organizing the rescue vessel’s getting to a given point in the shortest time interval, which makes it possible to increase the probability of saving the lives. Provided that the technical means of navigation and communication ensure the constant data transfer on the location of the emergency object, there is developed a model of quick approaching the rescue vessel to the emergency object. When drawing up the model of the method, it was assumed that the coordinates of the emergency vessel are constantly broadcast, and the emergency object itself under the influence of external factors (wind, current) drifts rectilinearly and at a constant speed. In the course of evaluating the method effectiveness the performance criterion was used as an efficiency indicator. To determine the minimum time of the ship's leaving the zero point of the Cartesian coordinate system, when the velocity vector of the ship coincides to the positive direction of the abscissa, for the emergency object, it is sufficient to choose the optimal trajectory, according to the Pontryagin maximal principle. The conditions that ensure the application of the Pontryagin principle are met, and therefore the boundary value problem under consideration for a given ship’s dynamics, boundary conditions, and given constraints has the only solution that allows maneuvering of the rescue ship to be carried out in the minimum time (with maximum speed) and with a high probability ratio of life saving equal to 1.

Performance Evaluation of Geological Disaster Relief Operations in China using SBM-DEA Methodology

Geological disasters have caused enormous damage to human beings and the economy in China. Chinese government pay great effort on geological disaster relief. Usually, the efficiency of the disaster rescue is the first priority to be considered. Takeing the historical analysis of China's geological disaster rescue as the main line ,in this paper, we developed a slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to evaluate the performance of 18 geological disasters relief during 2015–2019 in China, which are used to examine the performance of the geological disasters rescue activities. The results show that though the capabilities of geo-disaster relief is continuous improvement from 2015 to 2019, China’s geological disasters rescue system is still at the primary stage. Especially, the efficiency of landslide rescue operation is pretty low. We analysis the factors influencing the efficiency and provide several suggestions for capacity improvement of geo-disasters rescue.

Controls on the Effect of Impact Scraping on High-position and Long-runout Landslides

Landslides in mountainous areas act as an important control on morphological landscape evolution and represent a major natural hazard. The dynamic characteristics of a landslide directly relate to the distance it traveled and the scale of the resulting disaster. Based on extensive field investigations, we explored the effect of impact scraping on high-position landslides. During a rapid landslide, impact scraping amplifies the volume of the landslide and the size of the area affected by the landslide. Without acknowledging this effect, it is easy to underestimate the risk presented by a given potential landslide. In this study, we investigate the impact scraping of landslides that travel for significant distances both vertically (high-position) and horizontally (long-runout). There are four developmental stages of high-position, long-runout landslides: high-position shearing, gravitational acceleration, impact scraping, and debris deposition. Impact scraping amplifies the scale of the disaster by drastically increasing the volume of the landslide debris. After accounting for the effect of impact scraping, the total volume of the landslide exhibits a strong correlation with its travel distance. Additionally, the material properties of the erodible layer influence the landslide mobility. High-position and long-runout landslides have multiple scraping modes, including the embedding and excavation mode, the entrainment mode, the pushing and sliding mode, and the impact and splashing mode. In this study, we aim to provide insight that will improve the disaster modeling and risk assessment of high-position landslides, as well as to offer theoretical support for high-position and long-runout landslide dynamics research, disaster prevention and mitigation, and first responder rescue operation planning.