scholarly journals Single base station hybrid TOA/AOD/AOA localization algorithms with the synchronization error in dense multipath environment

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixun Wu ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Synchronization Error ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Localization Algorithms ◽  
Multipath Environment

AbstractMobile station (MS) localization in a cellular network is appealing to both industrial community and academia, due to the wide applications of location-based services. The main challenge is the unknown one-bound (OB) and multiple-bound (MB) scattering environment in dense multipath environment. Moreover, multiple base stations (BSs) are required to be involved in the localization process, and the precise time synchronization between MS and BSs is assumed. In order to address these problems, hybrid time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA) measurement model from the serving BS with the synchronization error is investigated in this paper. In OB scattering environment, four linear least square (LLS), one quadratic programming and data fusion-based localization algorithms are proposed to eliminate the effect of the synchronization error. In addition, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of our localization model on the root mean-square error (RMSE) is derived. In hybrid OB and MB scattering environment, a novel double identification algorithm (DIA) is proposed to identify the MB path. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are capable to deal with the synchronization error, and LLS-based localization algorithms show better localization accuracy. Furthermore, the DIA can correctly identify the MB path, and the RMSE comparison of different algorithms further prove the effectiveness of the DIA.

scholarly journals Design and Verification of Secure Mutual Authentication Protocols for Mobile Multihop Relay WiMAX Networks against Rogue Base/Relay Stations

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Huang ◽  
Chin-Tser Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Mutual Authentication ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Authentication Protocols ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Replay Attack ◽  
Wimax Networks ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Formal Tool

Mobile multihop relay (MMR) WiMAX networks have attracted lots of interest in the wireless communication industry recently because of its scalable coverage, improved data rates, and relatively low cost. However, security of MMR WiMAX networks is the main challenge to be addressed. In this paper, we first identify several possible attacks on MMR WiMAX networks in which a rogue base station (BS) or relay station (RS) can get authenticated and gain control over the connections and show that the current standard does not address this problem well. We then propose a set of new authentication protocols for protecting MMR WiMAX networks from rogue BS attack, rogue RS attack, and suppress-replay attack. Our protocols can provide centralized authentication by using a trusted authentication server to support mutual authentication between RS and BS, between RS and RS, and between mobile station (MS) and RS. Moreover, our protocols can also provide distributed authentication with a license issued by the trusted server. We use a formal tool called Scyther to analyze and verify the security properties of our protocols. The results show that our protocols can counter rogue BS and RS attacks and suppress-replay attack and are not susceptible to any known attacks.

scholarly journals TOF-Based Fast Self-Positioning Algorithm for UWB Mobile Base Stations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6359
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Han ◽  
Xiaoming Zhang ◽  
Zhengxi Lai ◽  
Yuchen Geng
Keyword(s):  
Local Coordinate System ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Positioning Error ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Propagation Law ◽  
Positioning Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Base

To solve the problem of heavy workload and high cost when acquiring the position of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) mobile base stations in sports fields, a fast self-positioning algorithm for UWB mobile base stations algorithm based on Time of Flight (TOF) is proposed. First, according to the layout of the base stations in the sports field, the local coordinate system is determined, and an equation based on the ranging information between the base stations is established; the Least Square method is used to calculate the coordinates of each base station, and the Newton Iteration method is used to converge the positioning results. Then the origin and propagation law of positioning error, as well as the method of reducing the positioning error are analyzed. The simulation data and experimental results show that the average positioning accuracy of the mobile base station is within 0.05 m, which meets the expected accuracy of the base station position measurement. Compared with traditional manual measurement methods, base station self-positioning can effectively save deployment time and reduce workload.

scholarly journals Investigation of a New Handover Approach in LTE and WiMAX

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nour Hindia ◽  
Ahmed Wasif Reza ◽  
Kamarul Ariffin Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Received Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Vertical Handovers ◽  
Minimum Number

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges in heterogeneous networks is the connection consistency between the mobile station and the base stations. Furthermore, along the roaming process between the mobile station and the base station, the system performance degrades significantly due to the interferences from neighboring base stations, handovers to inaccurate base station and inappropriate technology selection. In this paper, several algorithms are proposed to improve mobile station performance and seamless mobility across the long-term evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technologies, along with a minimum number of redundant handovers. Firstly, the enhanced global positioning system (GPS) and the novel received signal strength (RSS) prediction approaches are suggested to predict the target base station accurately. Then, the multiple criteria with two thresholds algorithm is proposed to prioritize the selection between LTE and WiMAX as the target technology. In addition, this study also covers the intercell and cochannel interference reduction by adjusting the frequency reuse ratio 3 (FRR3) to work with LTE and WiMAX. The obtained results demonstrate high next base station prediction efficiency and high accuracy for both horizontal and vertical handovers. Moreover, the received signal strength is kept at levels higher than the threshold, while maintaining low connection cost and delay within acceptable levels. In order to highlight the combination of the proposed algorithms’ performance, it is compared with the existing RSS and multiple criteria handover decision algorithms.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooperative Femtocell Networks via Base Station Switching Off

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woongsup Lee ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cooperative Transmission ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Bs Switching ◽  
Optimal Set

Recently, energy efficiency (EE) of cellular networks has become an important performance metric, and several techniques have been proposed to increase the EE. Among them, turning off base stations (BSs) when not needed is considered as one of the most powerful techniques due to its simple operation and effectiveness. Herein, we propose a novel BS switching-off technique for cooperative femtocell networks where multiple femtocell BSs (FBSs) simultaneously send packets to the same mobile station (MS). Unlike conventional schemes, cooperative operation of FBSs, also known as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission, is considered to determine which BSs are turned off in the proposed technique. We first formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal set of FBSs to be turned off. Then, we propose a suboptimal scheme operating in a distributed manner in order to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal scheme. The suboptimal scheme is based on throughput ratio (TR) which specifies the importance of a particular FBS for the cooperative transmission. Through simulations, we show that the energy consumption can be greatly reduced with the proposed technique, compared with conventional schemes. Moreover, we show that the suboptimal scheme also achieves the near-optimal performance even without the excessive computations.

scholarly journals Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2031
Author(s):  
Rreze Halili ◽  
Maarten Weyn ◽  
Rafael Berkvens
Keyword(s):  
Real Data ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Vehicle Localization ◽  
Geometric Dilution Of Precision

The future of transportation systems is going towards autonomous and assisted driving, aiming to reach full automation. There is huge focus on communication technologies expected to offer vehicular application services, of which most are location-based services. This paper provides a study on localization accuracy limits using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication channels provided by IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V, considering two different vehicular network designs. Real data measurements obtained on our highway testbed are used to model and simulate propagation channels, the position of base stations, and the route followed by the vehicle. Cramer–Rao lower bound, geometric dilution of precision, and least square error for time difference of arrival localization technique are investigated. Based on our analyses and findings, LTE-V outperforms IEEE 802.11p. However, it is apparent that providing larger signal bandwidth dedicated to localization, with network sites positioned at both sides of the highway, and considering the geometry between vehicle and network sites, improve vehicle localization accuracy.

scholarly journals Mobile 4G LTE Networks Mobility and Coverage for Some Locations in Ibadan Using Path Loss Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Ogunsola ◽  
◽  
O. Adeleke ◽  
O.I. Olaluwoye
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Reference Distance

The recent migration of most GSM service providers’ networks in Ibadan from 3G to 4G, in preparation for the deployment of 5G technology in the nation necessitated the need to re-examine the GSM networks’ mobility and coverage within the micro cells in-between a Base Station and a Mobile Station. This attempt is aimed at using existing Path Loss Propagation Models in proffering solutions to the negative consequences usually associated with call drops in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Ibadan due to inability of channels to handover as a result of path loss. The path loss (dB) analysis was carried out by measuring the Received Signal Strength RSS (dBm) at distances ranging from 0.05 km to 4 km in-between Base Stations and Mobile Stations using the factory fitted installed RSS software on Android phones. These measurements were taken for three weeks within the urban and suburban areas of the University of Ibadan campus, and its neighborhood community of Agbowo for ten selected existing Base Stations from four of the nationwide GSM Service Providers (SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4) in Nigeria. The variation of path loss with the RSS for GSM Service Provider (SP1) propagating at 955MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1850MHz and 2120MHz, were 66.03 dB, 71.77 dB and 72.96 dB, respectively. However, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 101.59dB for 955MHz, 103.81dB for 1850MHz and 105dB for 2120MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP2) propagating at 960MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1865MHz and 2150MHz were 66.07 dB, 71.84 dB and 73.08 dB, respectively. Moreover, in a similar manner to the SP1 service provider, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 104.14dB for 960MHz, 109.9dB for 1865MHz and 111.14dB for 2150MHz. Furthermore, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP3) propagating at 950MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1835MHz and 2130MHz were 65.98 dB, 71.70 dB and 73.00 dB, respectively. Likewise, as was in the case of the SP1 and SP2 Service providers, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 104.05dB for 950MHz, 109.76dB for 1835MHz and 111.06dB for 2130MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP4) propagating at 940MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1880MHz and 2140MHz, were 65.47 dB, 71.46 dB and 72.23 dB, respectively. Moreover, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 103.53dB for 940MHz, 109.52dB for 1880MHz and 110.29dB for 2140 MHz as was the case with the other GSM Service providers (SP!, SP2 and SP3) considered .Thus, the path loss increases with distance within the microcells of base stations. However, the path loss model with minimum path loss (dB) at a given distance enhances good coverage and handover postponement. Moreover, the mean square error values used in obtaining the accuracy between the measured and the Empirical models were 17.15dB, 59.69dB, 48.46dB, 60.52dB and 40.07dB for the C-model, Cost-OH, Sub-O, Lee-model and experimental model, respectively. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider

scholarly journals Research on TD-LTE wireless communication network propagation model optimization based on visual simulation and GIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongyan Li ◽  
Shuchun Hua ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
Sheng-Hung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Network Planning ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Technical Requirements

AbstractWith the support of GIS spatial analysis technology, based on an in-depth study of the wireless propagation environment of a city, combined with the analysis of project requirements, it proposes to use the SPM model to correct the propagation model parameters, using SPM. The wireless propagation model, and research and analysis of the SPM wireless propagation model correction algorithm, further corrected the parameters of a city's SPM wireless propagation model. On this basis, the propagation loss of several classic propagation models in different environments is compared, and the SPM propagation model suitable for the signal frequency band and propagation environment of this study is selected. The correction of the SPM propagation model is based on the designed correction principle and correction process, that is, the weighted least square method is used to fit and analyze the measured level data to obtain an SPM prediction improvement model with local characteristics, and according to the designed verification link. Evaluation of the correction results shows that the accuracy requirements are met. Based on the corrected SPM prediction model, link loss calculations were performed on the 13 test base stations studied in the experiment, and the effective coverage radius of each base station community was obtained. In combination with GIS technology, model parameters and workers of each base station participated in the electronic map loading of the area Go to the network planning software to get the wireless signal coverage prediction map of each base station. Finally, according to the technical requirements of the TD-LTE system network planning and network optimization engineering, the objectiveness and rationality of the site selection and number of base stations in the area were verified, and specific problems regarding poor coverage and overlapping coverage in the area were proposed.

scholarly journals Combination linear lines of position and neural network for mobile station location estimation

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 155014771771738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
Marquardt Algorithm ◽  
Station Location ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

To enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of mobile station location estimation, author utilizes time of arrival measurements from three base stations and one angle of arrival information at the serving base station to locate mobile station in non-line-of-sight environments. This article makes use of linear lines of position, rather than circular lines of position, to give location estimation of the mobile station. It is much easier to solve two linear line equations rather than nonlinear circular ones. Artificial neural networks are widely used techniques in various areas due to overcoming the problem of exclusive and nonlinear relationships. The proposed algorithms employ the intersections of three linear lines of position and one angle of arrival line, based on Levenburg–Marquardt algorithm, to determine the mobile station location without requiring a priori information about the non-line-of-sight error. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can always provide much better location estimation than Taylor series algorithm, hybrid lines of position algorithm as well as the geometrical positioning methods for different levels of biased, unbiased, and distance-dependent non-line-of-sight errors.

Line Intersection Algorithm for the Enhanced TOA Trilateration Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 1442003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajina Pradhan ◽  
Suk-Seung Hwang ◽  
Hyun-Rok Cha ◽  
Young-Chul Bae
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Intersection Point ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
True Location ◽  
Intersection Algorithm ◽  
Location Detection ◽  
Intersection Points

The location determination technology (LDT) is one of the core techniques for the location-based services (LBS) which has various applications, including a mobile robot, for the modern wireless communication system. The time of arrival (TOA), which is a kind of LDTs based on the cellular network, estimates the location of the specific user or object using a trilateration method based on the received signals from three base stations (BS). The true location of a mobile station (MS) is determined based on an intersection point of three circles with the radius corresponding to the distance between each BS to MS. Since the TOA method estimates the distance between BS and MS using the number of time delay, these three circles should not generally meet at a point and the performance of the location detection should be degraded in this case. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the mobile location detection algorithm based on a line intersection of the TOA geometry. In the case of those three circles do not meet at a point; in general, there are six intersection points and three lines which connect two intersection points. In this paper, we determine an intersection point of three lines as the location of a MS. The computer simulation example is provided to illustrate the location detection performance of the proposed algorithm.

scholarly journals Mapping and Monitoring of Cell Signal Strength Using an Android-Based CDMA Mobile

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Roselina Febriati
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cell Identity ◽  
Cell Signal ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Monitoring Result ◽  
Sd Card

In this study, an application was made that functions to map and monitor the signal strength of CDMA network cells using Android-based CDMA cellphones. This application functions to determine the signal quality of a CDMA network when the mapping and monitoring process is carried out. Cell signal strength information in Mappingke in a map based on google map. Meanwhile, information from monitoring results can be saved on the SD Card of the handphone with the .csv file format. the results of testing the information that can be map to the google map are the position of the BTS, the position of the MS, the value of RSSI and Ec / Io. Meanwhile, the monitoring result information that can be stored in a mobile SDCard is time, network type, CDMA cell identity which includes SID, NID, BID, base station latitude and longitude base station, MS position, cell signal strength which includes RSSI, Ec / Iodan SNR, along with the distance between MS and BTS.The CDMA cell identity information displayed by the application on the Samsung Galaxy Young mobile phone in the Malang area is correct and in accordance with the operator's data. The mapping information of RSSI and Ec / Io values ??into the google map is correct according to the value of the RSSI and Ec / Io base stations captured by the mobile station.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document