scholarly journals Investigation of a New Handover Approach in LTE and WiMAX

10.1155/2014/246206 â—½  
2014 â—½  
Vol 2014 â—½  
pp. 1-10 â—½  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nour Hindia â—½  
Ahmed Wasif Reza â—½  
Kamarul Ariffin Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Received Signal Strength â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Multiple Criteria â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Technology Selection â—½  
The Novel â—½  
Vertical Handovers â—½  
Minimum Number

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges in heterogeneous networks is the connection consistency between the mobile station and the base stations. Furthermore, along the roaming process between the mobile station and the base station, the system performance degrades significantly due to the interferences from neighboring base stations, handovers to inaccurate base station and inappropriate technology selection. In this paper, several algorithms are proposed to improve mobile station performance and seamless mobility across the long-term evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technologies, along with a minimum number of redundant handovers. Firstly, the enhanced global positioning system (GPS) and the novel received signal strength (RSS) prediction approaches are suggested to predict the target base station accurately. Then, the multiple criteria with two thresholds algorithm is proposed to prioritize the selection between LTE and WiMAX as the target technology. In addition, this study also covers the intercell and cochannel interference reduction by adjusting the frequency reuse ratio 3 (FRR3) to work with LTE and WiMAX. The obtained results demonstrate high next base station prediction efficiency and high accuracy for both horizontal and vertical handovers. Moreover, the received signal strength is kept at levels higher than the threshold, while maintaining low connection cost and delay within acceptable levels. In order to highlight the combination of the proposed algorithms’ performance, it is compared with the existing RSS and multiple criteria handover decision algorithms.

GSM-Based Positioning Technique Using Relative Received Signal Strength

2013 â—½  
Vol 4 (4) â—½  
pp. 38-51 â—½  
Author(s):  
Mohamed H. Abdel Meniem â—½  
Ahmed M. Hamad â—½  
Eman Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas â—½  
Urban Areas â—½  
Correlation Method â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Research Problem â—½  
Received Signal Strength â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Velocity Estimation â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Important Research Problem

Context-aware applications have been gaining huge interest in the last few years. With cell phones becoming ubiquitous computing devices, cell phone localization has become an important research problem. Database Correlation Method (DCM) is a positioning technology that based on a database of a premeasured location dependent variable such as Received Signal Strength (RSS). DCM has shown superior in terms of accuracy. Absolute RSS values received from a base station change with time, but the relative RSS (RRSS) values which refer to the relations of the RSS values between different base stations are more stable. This study proposes and implements a robust RRSS GSM-based technique for both positioning and traffic estimation. The study was tested and analyzed in Egypt roads using realistic data and Android smart phones. The performance evaluation showed good results. Mean positioning accuracy was about 29m in urban areas and velocity estimation was about 1 km/h in rural areas.

scholarly journals Mobile 4G LTE Networks Mobility and Coverage for Some Locations in Ibadan Using Path Loss Analysis

2020 â—½  
Vol 26 (1) â—½  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Ogunsola â—½  
â—½  
O. Adeleke â—½  
O.I. Olaluwoye
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider â—½  
Service Providers â—½  
Mobile Station â—½  
Path Loss â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Negative Consequences â—½  
Suburban Areas â—½  
Reference Distance

The recent migration of most GSM service providers’ networks in Ibadan from 3G to 4G, in preparation for the deployment of 5G technology in the nation necessitated the need to re-examine the GSM networks’ mobility and coverage within the micro cells in-between a Base Station and a Mobile Station. This attempt is aimed at using existing Path Loss Propagation Models in proffering solutions to the negative consequences usually associated with call drops in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Ibadan due to inability of channels to handover as a result of path loss. The path loss (dB) analysis was carried out by measuring the Received Signal Strength RSS (dBm) at distances ranging from 0.05 km to 4 km in-between Base Stations and Mobile Stations using the factory fitted installed RSS software on Android phones. These measurements were taken for three weeks within the urban and suburban areas of the University of Ibadan campus, and its neighborhood community of Agbowo for ten selected existing Base Stations from four of the nationwide GSM Service Providers (SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4) in Nigeria. The variation of path loss with the RSS for GSM Service Provider (SP1) propagating at 955MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1850MHz and 2120MHz, were 66.03 dB, 71.77 dB and 72.96 dB, respectively. However, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 101.59dB for 955MHz, 103.81dB for 1850MHz and 105dB for 2120MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP2) propagating at 960MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1865MHz and 2150MHz were 66.07 dB, 71.84 dB and 73.08 dB, respectively. Moreover, in a similar manner to the SP1 service provider, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 104.14dB for 960MHz, 109.9dB for 1865MHz and 111.14dB for 2150MHz. Furthermore, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP3) propagating at 950MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1835MHz and 2130MHz were 65.98 dB, 71.70 dB and 73.00 dB, respectively. Likewise, as was in the case of the SP1 and SP2 Service providers, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 104.05dB for 950MHz, 109.76dB for 1835MHz and 111.06dB for 2130MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP4) propagating at 940MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1880MHz and 2140MHz, were 65.47 dB, 71.46 dB and 72.23 dB, respectively. Moreover, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 103.53dB for 940MHz, 109.52dB for 1880MHz and 110.29dB for 2140 MHz as was the case with the other GSM Service providers (SP!, SP2 and SP3) considered .Thus, the path loss increases with distance within the microcells of base stations. However, the path loss model with minimum path loss (dB) at a given distance enhances good coverage and handover postponement. Moreover, the mean square error values used in obtaining the accuracy between the measured and the Empirical models were 17.15dB, 59.69dB, 48.46dB, 60.52dB and 40.07dB for the C-model, Cost-OH, Sub-O, Lee-model and experimental model, respectively. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider

scholarly journals Mapping and Monitoring of Cell Signal Strength Using an Android-Based CDMA Mobile

2015 â—½  
Vol 1 (1) â—½  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Roselina Febriati
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Cell Identity â—½  
Cell Signal â—½  
Monitoring Process â—½  
Monitoring Result â—½  
Sd Card

In this study, an application was made that functions to map and monitor the signal strength of CDMA network cells using Android-based CDMA cellphones. This application functions to determine the signal quality of a CDMA network when the mapping and monitoring process is carried out. Cell signal strength information in Mappingke in a map based on google map. Meanwhile, information from monitoring results can be saved on the SD Card of the handphone with the .csv file format. the results of testing the information that can be map to the google map are the position of the BTS, the position of the MS, the value of RSSI and Ec / Io. Meanwhile, the monitoring result information that can be stored in a mobile SDCard is time, network type, CDMA cell identity which includes SID, NID, BID, base station latitude and longitude base station, MS position, cell signal strength which includes RSSI, Ec / Iodan SNR, along with the distance between MS and BTS.The CDMA cell identity information displayed by the application on the Samsung Galaxy Young mobile phone in the Malang area is correct and in accordance with the operator's data. The mapping information of RSSI and Ec / Io values ??into the google map is correct according to the value of the RSSI and Ec / Io base stations captured by the mobile station.

Bounded-hop percolation and wireless communication

10.1017/jpr.2016.43 â—½  
2016 â—½  
Vol 53 (3) â—½  
pp. 833-845 â—½  
Author(s):  
Christian Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Point Process â—½  
Poisson Point Process â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Telecommunication Networks â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Continuum Percolation â—½  
Supercritical Regime â—½  
Close Relationship â—½  
Wireless Telecommunication â—½  
Minimum Number

AbstractMotivated by an application in wireless telecommunication networks, we consider a two-type continuum-percolation problem involving a homogeneous Poisson point process of users and a stationary and ergodic point process of base stations. Starting from a randomly chosen point of the Poisson point process, we investigate the distribution of the minimum number of hops that are needed to reach some point of the base station process. In the supercritical regime of continuum percolation, we use the close relationship between Euclidean and chemical distance to identify the distributional limit of the rescaled minimum number of hops that are needed to connect a typical Poisson point to a point of the base station process as its intensity tends to 0. In particular, we obtain an explicit expression for the asymptotic probability that a typical Poisson point connects to a point of the base station process in a given number of hops.

scholarly journals Self-select target neighboring base station assisted handover for natural disaster in LTE-A network

2020 â—½  
Vol 19 (1) â—½  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Azita Laily Yusof â—½  
Ainnur Eiza Azhar â—½  
Norsuzila Ya’acob
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster â—½  
Weighted Average â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Received Signal Strength â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Average Score â—½  
Battery Life â—½  
Power Outage â—½  
Two Parameters â—½  
Selection Of

This paper presents Self-Select Target Neighboring Base Station Assisted Handover for Natural Disaster in LTE-A Network. In this study, two parameters have been introduced which are known as received signal strength of user (RSS) and left over power of base station (LoP) in order to maintained good QoS of UE and prolong battery life of base station when there is power outage. A distance fraction coefficient (α) with value 0.2 has been introduced to RSS expression to improve the signal strength by reducing the area that the UE’s covered. Both parameters are used to calculate weighted-average score (WAS) for selection of potential target base station to avoid more users to connect to the affected base station. From the results, sRSS=0.8 gave the highest WAS with value of WAS=0.84 for users from 1 to 100 compares to other value of sRSS. Moreover, by using no natural disaster condition as reference, Condition 1 (wRSS=80%, wLoP=20% ) with the lowest percentage of improvement (3.75%.) will be chosen as handover condition as it near to base station, avoid overloaded users to the affected base station, hence prolong battery life as it only use 20% of battery usage.

scholarly journals Reducing the Frequent Switch Over between the Base Stations through Continuous Analysis of Signal Strength

2018 â—½  
Vol 7 (1) â—½  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
M. R. Regitha â—½  
Varghese Paul
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service â—½  
Cellular Networks â—½  
Mobile Networks â—½  
New Technologies â—½  
Mobile Station â—½  
Movement Pattern â—½  
Signal Strength â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Continuous Analysis

As the increase in the number of mobiles and mobile networks, the existing standards and technologies face several issues and challenges. In the mobility management of cellular networks, HO is the important parameter on which these issues and challenges affect drastically. Several research papers have proposed many ideas and schemes to reduce HO latency. As the increase in the number new technologies and networks, the existing ideas are no longer supported efficiently. So a continuous analysis on handover (HO) procedure is required. Signal strength (SS) and quality of service (QoS) are measured at particular time intervals in cellular networks. Results show that the highest value of signal strength has the best quality of service. In this paper, a continuous analysis on signal strength received by the mobile station (MS) is used to monitor the HO process to reduce the HO delay. In this analysis, the parameters user movement pattern, topological position, signal strength and time are used which will be helpful to forecast the HO in advance. Using HO forecast minimum number of frequent switch over between the base stations (BSs) reduces the HO latency in mobile networks.

scholarly journals Single base station hybrid TOA/AOD/AOA localization algorithms with the synchronization error in dense multipath environment

2022 â—½  
Vol 2022 (1) â—½  
Author(s):  
Shixun Wu â—½  
Min Li â—½  
Miao Zhang â—½  
Kai Xu â—½  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Station â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Least Square â—½  
Location Based Services â—½  
Synchronization Error â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Identification Algorithm â—½  
Main Challenge â—½  
Localization Algorithms â—½  
Multipath Environment

AbstractMobile station (MS) localization in a cellular network is appealing to both industrial community and academia, due to the wide applications of location-based services. The main challenge is the unknown one-bound (OB) and multiple-bound (MB) scattering environment in dense multipath environment. Moreover, multiple base stations (BSs) are required to be involved in the localization process, and the precise time synchronization between MS and BSs is assumed. In order to address these problems, hybrid time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA) measurement model from the serving BS with the synchronization error is investigated in this paper. In OB scattering environment, four linear least square (LLS), one quadratic programming and data fusion-based localization algorithms are proposed to eliminate the effect of the synchronization error. In addition, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of our localization model on the root mean-square error (RMSE) is derived. In hybrid OB and MB scattering environment, a novel double identification algorithm (DIA) is proposed to identify the MB path. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are capable to deal with the synchronization error, and LLS-based localization algorithms show better localization accuracy. Furthermore, the DIA can correctly identify the MB path, and the RMSE comparison of different algorithms further prove the effectiveness of the DIA.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooperative Femtocell Networks via Base Station Switching Off

2016 â—½  
Vol 2016 â—½  
pp. 1-6 â—½  
Author(s):  
Woongsup Lee â—½  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency â—½  
Mobile Station â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Cooperative Transmission â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Femtocell Networks â—½  
Coordinated Multipoint â—½  
Performance Metric â—½  
Bs Switching â—½  
Optimal Set

Recently, energy efficiency (EE) of cellular networks has become an important performance metric, and several techniques have been proposed to increase the EE. Among them, turning off base stations (BSs) when not needed is considered as one of the most powerful techniques due to its simple operation and effectiveness. Herein, we propose a novel BS switching-off technique for cooperative femtocell networks where multiple femtocell BSs (FBSs) simultaneously send packets to the same mobile station (MS). Unlike conventional schemes, cooperative operation of FBSs, also known as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission, is considered to determine which BSs are turned off in the proposed technique. We first formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal set of FBSs to be turned off. Then, we propose a suboptimal scheme operating in a distributed manner in order to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal scheme. The suboptimal scheme is based on throughput ratio (TR) which specifies the importance of a particular FBS for the cooperative transmission. Through simulations, we show that the energy consumption can be greatly reduced with the proposed technique, compared with conventional schemes. Moreover, we show that the suboptimal scheme also achieves the near-optimal performance even without the excessive computations.

scholarly journals LoRaWAN Base Station Improvement for Better Coverage and Capacity

2021 â—½  
Vol 12 (1) â—½  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Filip Turčinović â—½  
Gordan Šišul â—½  
Marko Bosiljevac
Keyword(s):  
Low Power â—½  
Long Range â—½  
Base Station â—½  
Base Stations â—½  
Area Network â—½  
The Novel â—½  
Wide Area Network â—½  
Energy Efficient Communication â—½  
Efficient Communication â—½  
Standard Base

Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies provide long-range and low power consumption for many battery-powered devices used in Internet of Things (IoT). One of the most utilized LPWAN technologies is LoRaWAN (Long Range WAN) with over 700 million connections expected by the year 2023. LoraWAN base stations need to ensure stable and energy-efficient communication without unnecessary repetitions with sufficient range coverage and good capacity. To meet these requirements, a simple and efficient upgrade in the design of LoRaWAN base station is proposed, based on using two or more concentrators. The development steps are outlined in this paper and the evaluation of the enhanced base station is done with a series of measurements conducted in Zagreb, Croatia. Through these measurements we compared received messages and communication parameters on novel and standard base stations. The results showed a significant increase in the probability of successful reception of messages on the novel base station which corresponds to the increase of base station capacity and can be very beneficial for the energy consumption of most LoRaWAN end devices.

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