scholarly journals Analiza wybranych parametrów chemicznych gleb wzdłuż linii kolejowych

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Winiarek ◽  
Aneta Kruk
Keyword(s):  
Single Track ◽  
Equipment Repair ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Line Section ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Potential Pollution ◽  
Double Track ◽  
Copper Lead ◽  
Shunting Yard

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of soils underneath operating railway lines. The lines selected for the examination were outside the reach of external sources of potential pollution. The samples were collected along a plain line section after and before an upgrade work, within the station area and in a railway equipment repair yard. The assessment covered the following types of sections: single-track, double-track, with wooden and concrete sleepers, adjacent to switches subject to lubrication, in the car shunting yard and visibly contaminated areas. The samples were tested for the content of PAH, zinc, copper, lead and PCB. The study did not find evidence of increased levels of the above-listed compounds as compared to the levels found in arable soils located in the vicinity of the line or of their influence on adjacent lands. The content of the examined compounds did not differ depending on the type of line section or its properties. The content of PAH, considered one of the main railway-related pollutants, was sufficiently low to classify the soil along the line and within the station area as unpolluted or slightly polluted.

scholarly journals Przydatność kryteriów litogenetycznych w konstrukcji numerycznego modelu krążenia wód podziemnych w strefie krawędziowej wysoczyzny

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-527
Author(s):  
Tomasz Falkowski ◽  
Filip Bujakowski ◽  
Piotr Ostrowski ◽  
Grzegorz Wierzbicki
Keyword(s):  
Single Track ◽  
Equipment Repair ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Line Section ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Potential Pollution ◽  
Double Track ◽  
Copper Lead ◽  
Shunting Yard

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of soils underneath operating railway lines. The lines selected for the examination were outside the reach of external sources of potential pollution. The samples were collected along a plain line section after and before an upgrade work, within the station area and in a railway equipment repair yard. The assessment covered the following types of sections: single-track, double-track, with wooden and concrete sleepers, adjacent to switches subject to lubrication, in the car shunting yard and visibly contaminated areas. The samples were tested for the content of PAH, zinc, copper, lead and PCB. The study did not find evidence of increased levels of the above-listed compounds as compared to the levels found in arable soils located in the vicinity of the line or of their influence on adjacent lands. The content of the examined compounds did not differ depending on the type of line section or its properties. The content of PAH, considered one of the main railway-related pollutants, was sufficiently low to classify the soil along the line and within the station area as unpolluted or slightly polluted.

scholarly journals Research NoteEffect of drought and fires on the quality of water in Lithuanian rivers

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sakalauskiene ◽  
G. Ignatavicius
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Lithuanian Rivers ◽  
River Bottom ◽  
Copper Lead

Abstract. In August and September 2002, concentrations of heavy metals (copper, lead, and zinc) were 21-74% more than in previous years in Lithuanian rivers. Such a sudden increase in heavy metal pollution reduces the value of any water body for fishing or recreation and poses a potential risk to the environment and to human health. Droughts in the summer of 2002 led to forest and peat bog fires all over Lithuania and may have caused the increase in concentrations of heavy metals detected in Lithuanian rivers in August 2002. The fires could have changed the pH in the top layers of the soil, overcome geochemical barriers in the soil and enabled heavy metals to migrate from the soil to the groundwater and from river bottom sediments to the surface water. Keywords: heavy metals, river water quality, Lithuania

Effect of process parameters on formability and surface quality of selective laser melted Al-Zn-Sc-Zr alloy from single track to block specimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Bi ◽  
Zhenglong Lei ◽  
Yanbin Chen ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Xikun Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Zr Alloy

scholarly journals Operational criteria in the justification of electrification of railway lines

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Andrzej Massel
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Stock ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Post War ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
Double Track

The process of electrification of the Polish railways took place from 1936 till early 1990s. Despite the political constraints of the post-war times, the decisions on electrification of particular sections of the railway network were usually based on economic factors. In 1970s and 1980s so called electrification thresholds were used to justify the need for electrification of railway line in question. They took into the number of tracks (single-track lines, double-track lines), terrain conditions (flat terrain, upland terrain) and the traffic structure (the share of passenger traffic) into account. In the framework of National Railway Program till 2023 (KPK) the realization of electrification projects have been undertaken again. The present paper deals with importance of the operational criteria in the decision-making concerning justification of electrification of railway lines. These criteria include the shortening of the journey times on particular sections, shortening of stops on the stations with the change of the type of traction, the savings of train operating companies resulting from the traction unification (change of demand for rolling stock and for workshops for its servicing), improvement of reliability and punctuality of services.

Influence of Feeding Dehydrated Poultry Waste on Composition and Organoleptic Quality of Milk1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. BRUHN ◽  
G. D. REIF ◽  
H. TOONE ◽  
J. H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Poultry Waste ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Copper Lead ◽  
Composite Samples

A double reversal trial with three, 4-week periods was used to determine the effect on milk quality of feeding dehydrated poultry waste to lactating dairy cows. Fifteen cows were fed a control ration for 4 weeks (Period 1), followed by an experimental ration containing dehydrated poultry waste for 4 weeks (Period 2), and then by the control ration for 4 weeks (Period 3). Milk was collected daily and scored by five judges using the ADSA milk flavor scoring guide. Milk compsition (fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat) was determined on alternate days. During Periods 2 and 3 weekly composite samples were collected to determine concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and tocopherol. No significant differences were found in any of the milk quality factors studied.

Improving Railway Operational Efficiency with Moving Blocks, Train Fleeting, and Alternative Single-Track Configurations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Diaz de Rivera ◽  
C. Tyler Dick ◽  
Leonel E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Delay Performance ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Schedule Flexibility ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Operating Strategies ◽  
Traffic Composition ◽  
Double Track

With installation of positive train control (PTC) on many U.S. rail corridors, Class I railroads may soon leverage these investments in communications network infrastructure to implement “advanced PTC” systems incorporating moving blocks. Train control with moving blocks can benefit operating strategies that dispatch fleets of multiple trains running at minimum headways. On single-track corridors with passing sidings long enough to hold multiple trains, fleeting may increase the efficiency of train meets, reduce train delay, and yield incremental capacity benefits. Alternative single-track configurations with fleet-length sidings at double the spacing of conventional single-train sidings can facilitate these operating strategies while minimizing additional track infrastructure and associated capital and maintenance costs. To investigate the operational synergies between moving blocks, fleeting, and longer but less frequent sidings, Rail Traffic Controller software is used to simulate and compare the delay performance of train operations on representative rail corridors for different combinations of fleeting strategy, train control system, siding configuration, and freight traffic composition. Operating fleets in conjunction with moving blocks produces the lowest overall train delay in specific cases of low schedule flexibility and heterogeneous traffic. With more efficient meets, moving blocks and/or fleeting primarily benefit low priority trains that typically wait for opposing traffic during train meets. Such incremental line capacity benefits have short-term financial consequences as they allow additional capital investments in double track to be deferred. Knowledge of train delay performance under moving blocks and fleeting will aid railway practitioners evaluating investments in advanced PTC systems and track infrastructure expansion.

Quality of rainwater harvesting in urban systems: case study in Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morales-Pinzón ◽  
M. I. García-Serna ◽  
M. T. Flórez-Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Roofing Material ◽  
Fibre Cement ◽  
Alternative Water

An analysis of the utilisation and quality of rainwater in different collection systems located in the Pereira–Dosquebradas (Colombia) conurbation was conducted to evaluate the conditions in these systems and thus determine whether rainwater is safe water for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. The quality of rainwater and its relation to selected variables (roofing material, material deposits, piping material and amount of precipitation) were evaluated. Six buildings with different types of roofing (zinc, polycarbonate or fibre cement) that have installed systems to capture rainwater were selected for the evaluation. According to the results, the sampled water is suitable for different uses. In cities, rainwater can be adapted and eventually used as an alternative water source, thereby reducing dependence on local and external sources.

scholarly journals Influence of mounting joints of sections of a collapsible bridge on his stress-strain state

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Tomilov
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Double Track ◽  
The Military

Temporary bridges are necessary to ensure movement during the construction or repair (reconstruction) of capital bridge structures, operational communication of interrupted tracks in various emergency situations, for one-time or seasonal transport communications. For this purpose, reusable mobile prefabricated structures are advisable. Inventory sets of collapsible bridges were designed and manufactured primarily in the interests of the military department, but are currently widely in demand and are used in the civilian sector of bridge building because of their economy, mobility, and accessibility in transportation. Among others, including modern collapsible bridge designs, the middle automobile collapsible bridge (CAPM), developed in 1968 and modernized in 1982 for the needs of the USSR Ministry of Defense, occupies a special place. In the process of withdrawing the CAPM sets stored in storage to the civilian construction sector, a significant demand for these structures was found to be due to their following advantages: complete staffing with all elements of the bridge, including supports; the possibility of overlapping spans of 18.6, 25.6, 32.6 m with the dimensions of the driving bed 4.2 m for single-track and 7.2 m for double-track passage Passport carrying capacity is designated as 40 tons for single-track passage and 60 tons for double-track passage. Since, according to a number of geometric and technical parameters, CAPM designs do not fully comply with the requirements of modern standards for capital bridges, their application is mainly oriented as temporary. It should be noted that with minor refinement – the installation of modern fences and a double-track transverse arrangement of sections for single-lane traffic, it is possible to achieve compliance with the required geometric parameters of the driving bed and the total lifting capacity for bridges on public roads of IV and V of technical category. The article considers the design feature of the pin mounting joints of sections of a collapsible span as a factor determining the carrying capacity, the nature of general deformations and, as a result, affecting the transport and operational characteristics of the bridge structure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the operation of the pin mounting joints of the sections of the spans of the CAPM with the assessment of the stress state of the elements of the connection node. We consider the novelty in the consideration of the issue to be an assessment of the strength of the elements of the pin joints and its effect on the general deformations – the deflections of the main beams.

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