scholarly journals Decay of oak Wood provoked by fungus Stereum hirsutum (Willd. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray. and its' essential physiological requirements

2005 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Milenko Miric
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Stereum Hirsutum ◽  
Mycelial Mass

White rot fungi usually decompose cell walls of attacked wood destroying tissue elements (i.e. parenchyma cells, wood fibres, tension wood, tracheas etc) in different amount, depending to wood-species as well as to its' zones. Different fungi secrete specific enzymes that are responsible for certain damages. As consequence, the wood structure use to be significantly and unfixable decomposed and changed. Microscopical analyses that have been run provided clear and indicative information relating to effects of fungal activity on wood tissue. Physiological requirements of fungi are for shore of the highest importance in understanding of mechanism of decaying process in the wood. The most important factors as like temperature and concentration of H ions, as well as main nutrients as sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus can affect the behaviour of wood decaying fungi. The impacts of these factors on the growth and production on mycelial mass of Stereum hirsutum (Willd. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray., have been investigated. This fungus is one of the most frequent appearing on the Sessile- and Pedunculate Oak weakened trees or felled logs, behaving as parasite as well as saprophyte. As a causer of Oak sapwood white rot S. hirsutum causes significant damages of wood at forest- as well as at industrial storages.

scholarly journals Biotransformation of (−)-α-Pinene by Whole Cells of White Rot Fungi, Ceriporia sp. ZLY-2010 and Stereum hirsutum

Mycobiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Yeon Lee ◽  
Seon-Hong Kim ◽  
Chang-Young Hong ◽  
Ho-Young Kim ◽  
Sun-Hwa Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Stereum Hirsutum

REACTION TISSUES IN GNETUM GNEMON A PRELIMINARY REPORT

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Developmental Feature ◽  
Gnetum Gnemon ◽  
Clear Differentiation

Gnetum gnemon exhibits Rouxʼs model of tree architecture, with clear differentiation of orthotropic from plagiotropic axes. All axes have similar anatomy and react to displacement in the same way. Secondary xylem of displaced stems shows little eccentricity of development and no reaction anatomy. In contrast, there is considerable eccentricity in extra-xylary tissue involving both primary and secondary production of apparent tension-wood fibres (gelatinous fibres) of three main kinds. Narrow primary fibres occur concentrically in all axes in the outer cortex as a normal developmental feature. In displaced axes gelatinous fibres are developed abundantly and eccentrically on the topographically upper side, from pre-existing and previously undetermined primary cortical cells. They are wide with lamellate cell walls. In addition narrow secondary phloem fibres are also differentiated abundantly and eccentrically on the upper side of displaced axes. These gelatinous fibres are narrow and without obviously lamellate cell walls. Eccentric gelatinous fibres thus occupy a position that suggests they have the function of tension wood fibres as found in angiosperms. This may be the first report in a gymnosperm of fibres with tension capability. Gnetum gne-mon thus exhibits reaction tissues of unique types, which are neither gymnospermous nor angiospermous. Reaction tissues seem important in maintaining the distinctive architecture of the tree.

scholarly journals Combination of Pretreatment with White Rot Fungi and Modification of Primary and Secondary Cell Walls Improves Saccharification

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Cook ◽  
Fedra Francocci ◽  
Felice Cervone ◽  
Daniela Bellincampi ◽  
Paul G Bolwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls

EM and microspectrophotometric analysis of biological delignification of plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 986-987
Author(s):  
D. E. Akin ◽  
L. L. Rigsby ◽  
W. H. Morrison ◽  
A. Sethuraman ◽  
K.-E. L. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Uv Absorption ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Cyathus Stercoreus

Aromatic constituents such as lignin bind to carbohydrates within plant cell walls and thus render the plant carbohydrates less utilizable as food and energy. Chemical methods used to upgrade the quality of plant biomass are costly, expensive, and unsafe. White rot fungi, which are the only known microorganisms that, to any extent, can remove lignin from plant cell walls, offer a biological solution to upgrading plant quality. Microscopic analyses provide information on the site of delignification that is strategically important in improving use of plant biomass.Stems of grasses and a legume were treated with the white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus for 6 weeks. Treated residues were analyzed for structural modifications using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and for aromatic constituents using ultraviolet (UV) absorption microspectrophotometry and gas chromatography. These modifications were related to improved utilization of cell walls by rumen microorganisms.UV absorption microspectrophotometry, in conjunction with gas-chromatography of alkali-treated plants, indicated that ester-linked ferulic and ρ-coumaric acids were particularly susceptible to removal by both fungal species.

Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Adaskaveg ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Selective Delignification

Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

scholarly journals Diversity in the organisation and lignification of tension wood fibre walls – A review

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ghislain ◽  
Bruno Clair
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Wood Fibre ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Staining Techniques

Tension wood, a tissue developed by angiosperm trees to actively recover their verticality, has long been defined by the presence of an unlignified cellulosic inner layer in the cell wall of fibres, called the G-layer. Although it was known that some species have no G-layer, the definition was appropriate since it enabled easy detection of tension wood zones using various staining techniques for either cellulose or lignin. For several years now, irrespective of its anatomical structure, tension wood has been defined by its high mechanical internal tensile stress. This definition enables screening of the diversity of cell walls in tension wood fibres. Recent results obtained in tropical species with tension wood with a delay in the lignification of the G-layer opened our eyes to the effective presence of large amounts of lignin in the G-layer of some species. This led us to review older literature mentioning the presence of lignin deposits in the G-layer and give them credit. Advances in the knowledge of tension wood fibres allow us to reconsider some previous classifications of the diversity in the organisation of the fibre walls of the tension wood.

scholarly journals Field Emission SEM Studies on Softwood Tracheids and Hardwood Fibres – A Review of Activities at the EMPA Wood Laboratory

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (12) ◽  
pp. 510-515
Author(s):  
Tanja Zimmermann ◽  
Jürgen Sell
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Buckling Resistance ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
S2 Layer

Over the past ten years transverse fracture surfaces of tensionloaded softwoods, hardwoods and reaction wood have been studied using a high resolution FE SEM. Due to the fracture process the cell wall becomes loosened and its components can be distinctly observed (as opposed to smooth cross sections of cut wood). Softwood tracheids (compression wood, too) and hardwood fibres showed predominantly radial orientations(perpendicular to the other layers) of the cellulosic fibrils of the secondary wall layer 2 (S2). Similar structures were found on sections of different hardwoods degraded by white rot fungi. Contrary to that finding there is no discernible preferential orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the S2 or G layer of pronounced tension wood cells. In our opinion functional advantages of such structures in the strengthening tissue are quite clear. The sandwich-like structure is important for the buckling resistance of the tracheids and fibre cell walls and therefore also to the bending stiffness of the whole tree. Tension wood fibres of hardwood trees solely exposed to longitudinal tension do probably not need a compression stiffening, explaining why transverse fibril agglomerations are absent here. In many other studies a polylaminated concentric arrangement of the cellulose/ ligninhemicellulose matrix in the S2 layer is postulated and clearly documented. Taking our results into account, we conclude that concentric and/or radial arrangements (perpendicular to the CML) in the S2 of softwood tracheids and hardwood fibres coexist for good ontogenetic, physiological, and mechanical reasons.

Two-Dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy III: Interpretation of the Degradation of Plant Cell Walls by White Rot Fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. Barton ◽  
D. S. Himmelsbach ◽  
D.E. Akin ◽  
A. Sethuraman ◽  
K.-E.L. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

scholarly journals Degradation of Bisphenol A by White Rot Fungi, Stereum hirsutum and Heterobasidium insulare, and Reduction of Its Estrogenic Activity

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Min Lee ◽  
Bon-Wook Koo ◽  
Joon-Weon Choi ◽  
Don-Ha Choi ◽  
Beum-Soo An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Stereum Hirsutum

scholarly journals Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM) densified wood to degradation by white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Skyba ◽  
Peter Niemz ◽  
Francis W.M.R. Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Densified Wood ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractColonisation and degradation by the white rot fungi,Trametes versicolorandT. pubescens, were studied in wood of Norway spruce and beech subjected to three different treatments: (1) hygro-thermal treatment (160°C and 180°C), (2) mechanical densification, and (3) thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) treatment including densification and post-treatment at different temperatures (140°C, 160°C and 180°C). The weight losses induced by the fungi were lowest in THM-densified woods. However, volume related numerical indicators for decay susceptibility did not show any significant improvements of THM-densified woods against both fungi. Analysis of the chemical composition of treated wood species revealed slight alterations in the content of polysaccharides and lignin. White rot fungi circumvented conditions restricting hyphal growth within the occluded tracheid lumina by hyphal tunnelling in the secondary walls of fibre tracheids in beech or by forming bore holes that transversally penetrated cell walls of earlywood tracheids in THM-densified spruce. The studies indicate that THM-densified beech and Norway spruce wood may have some potential in utility class 3 but are inappropriate for use in utility class 4.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document