scholarly journals Electrochemical deposition of La-Mg alloys in LaCl3-MgCl2-KCl system with molten salt electrolysis process

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Sahoo ◽  
H. Singh ◽  
N. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Molten Salt Electrolysis

La-Mg alloys of different compositions were prepared by electrolysis of LaCl3-MgCl2-KCl melts. Different phases of La-Mg alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analyses showed that chemical compositions of La-Mg alloys were consistent with phase structures of XRD pattern, and magnesium content in the alloy could be controlled by electrolysis parameters. The effects of various process parameters such as concentration of magnesium chloride in the bath, temperature of electrolysis and cathode current density on the current efficiency have been investigated. A maximum current efficiency of 85% and yield of 80% was obtained from the bath at 12.5A/cm2 current density at an operating temp 850?C.

Preparation of High-Purity Titanium by Molten-Salt Electrolysis Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1477-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tie Chui Yuan ◽  
Qi Gang Weng ◽  
Zhi Hui Zhou ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Yue Hui He
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Titanium Sponge ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Titanium Concentration ◽  
Titanium Plate ◽  
Molten Salt Electrolysis ◽  
Cathode Current ◽  
Purity Titanium

Titanium sponge is used as anode, titanium plate as cathode and NaCl-KCl-TiClx molten salt as electrolyte, to prepare high purity titanium by molten-salt electrolysis at 900~980°C. The effects of feeding TiCl4 temperature, electrolytic temperature, soluble titanium concentration and cathode current density on the content of impurities of cathode products have been studied. The results show that the impurities in product can be controlled when the temperature of feeding and electrolyte is higher. The final product with different morphology and degree of purity can be prepared by controlling the soluble titanium concentration and cathode current density.

Study of Properties of Ni-Base Nano-ZrO2 Composite Plating Coatings

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 1452-1456
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Ben Liang Sun ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Optimum Process Parameter ◽  
Composite Plating ◽  
Cathode Current ◽  
Plating Layer

The surface of copper plate of the mold need to be reinforced to obtain the plating coatings with high hardness and corrosion resistant properties. Nowadays, Ni-base alloy coatings is used widely in the industrial production. In order to raise the service life of mold, the experiments on the property of Ni-base nano ZrO2 composite plating coatings was done in this paper. The experiments were planned with the orthogonal test design method. The effective factors on the property of coatings, bath temperature, cathode current density, the distance between two electrodes and the magnitude of Nano-ZrO2,were experimentally studied. The optimum process parameter were obtained. The results show that the composite plating layer of Ni-base Nano ZrO2 with good properties can be obtained.The optimal conditions are as follows: the bath temperature is 40 °C, cathode current density is 3A/dm2, the distance between two electrodes is 12 cm, the magnitude of Nano-ZrO2 is 12g/L. In addition binding strength of the coatings were measured quantitatively, and the structure of the plating layer were observed with SEM. The layer with good properties can be obtained in this method.

scholarly journals Electrolytic Preparation of Al-Sm Alloy in SmF3-LiF-Sm2O3 Molten Salt System

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-470
Author(s):  
Xiaolian ZHANG ◽  
Chubin YANG ◽  
Hongxia LIU ◽  
Guanghuai PENG
Keyword(s):  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Salt System ◽  
Liquid Cathode ◽  
Cathode Current ◽  
Electrolytic Preparation ◽  
Molten Salt System

In the present paper, an Al rod as liquid cathode was added into the SmF3-LiF-Sm2O3 molten salt system and subsequently the Al-Sm alloy was prepared by the liquid cathode electrolysis method. The effects of electrolysis temperature, cathode current density and electrolyte composition on the current efficiency were studied. The results demonstrated that the maximum content of Sm in the Al-Sm interalloy could reach up to 32.8 wt.%, whereas the alloy was mainly composed of the Al substrate, Al4Sm and Al3Sm phases. The current efficiency increased first subsequently decreased as the electrolysis temperature and cathode current density increased. Simultaneously, the electrolyte composition had a high impact on the current efficiency. When the mass ratio of SmF3and LiF was 4, the current efficiency was 62.8 %.

Research on Effect Factors of Current Efficiency in the Process of Sponge Titanium Production by Electrolytic Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Guang Qiang Ma ◽  
Ming Zou ◽  
Qi Ling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Salt System ◽  
Anodic Current Density ◽  
Molten Salt Electrolysis ◽  
Sponge Titanium ◽  
Molten Salt System

This paper systematically analyzes the various factors that affect the current efficiency in the process of sponge titanium production by vacuum molten salt electrolysis method. The research result shows that firstly, when electrolysis is undertaken in CaCl2 molten salt system under the condition that the pressure is under 101Pa, temperature is at 850°C, space between electrodes is 5 cm, cathodic current density is 1.05 A.cm-2 and anodic current density is 0.8A.cm-2 , the reoxidation of sponge titanium can be effectively avoided, the loss of electric current can be reduced and current efficiency can be greatly improved. Secondly, current efficiency can be greatly improved when mix molten salt system CaCl2+A is adopted, which can greatly reduce the electrolysis temperature and the resistance of molten salt. Thirdly, current efficiency can be greatly improved through selecting appropriate vacuum degree, appropriate molten salt system, appropriate space between electrodes, appropriate current density; in addition, keeping tidy reduction cell inside and adopting high-purity molten salt and raw material TiO2 are another ways for current efficiency improvement.

scholarly journals Ketamine Alters Calcium and Magnesium in Brain Tissue following Experimental Head Trauma in Rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 962-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Shapira ◽  
Arthur M. Lam ◽  
Alan A. Artru ◽  
Calvin Eng ◽  
Louise Soltow
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Tissue Calcium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

We previously reported that the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists dizocilpine maleate and ketamine improved the neurological severity score (NSS) after head trauma in rats. Other investigators have reported increased calcium and decreased magnesium following head trauma in untreated rats. The present study was designed to determine whether ketamine influences the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in brain tissue following head trauma. Eighty-six male Sprague–Dawley rats (180 ± 15 g) were divided into eight groups. Groups A (no head injury) and C (head injury) received no treatment. Groups B (no head injury) and D–H (head injury) received ketamine. In groups D, E, and F, ketamine, 180 mg/kg i.p., was given 1, 2, and 4 h after head trauma, respectively. In groups G and H, ketamine, 120 and 60 mg/kg, respectively, was given 1 h after head trauma. After we killed the rats at 48 h, cortical slices were taken to measure tissue calcium and magnesium content by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy method. In the contused hemispheres, calcium increased and magnesium decreased (p < 0.0001). Among the head-injured groups, the increase in brain tissue calcium was smaller in groups receiving 60 mg/kg of ketamine at 1 h or 180 mg/kg of ketamine at 1, 2, or 4 h than in the group not receiving ketamine. The decrease in brain tissue magnesium was smaller in the groups receiving 180 mg/kg of ketamine at 1 and 2 h than in the group not receiving ketamine. Temporalis muscle and rectal temperatures at 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after head trauma were not significantly different between treated and untreated groups. It is concluded that, in this model of closed cranial impact, 180 mg/kg of ketamine given 1 or 2 h after injury reduced both the increase in brain tissue calcium and the decrease in brain tissue magnesium at 48 h following head trauma.

scholarly journals Influence of current density and temperature in the zinc electroplating process at sulfate-based acid solution: study on process efficiency and coating morphology

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Abelha Carrijo Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Manoel Silveira Campos ◽  
Tácia Costa Veloso ◽  
Vera Rosa Capelossi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Zinc Deposition ◽  
Coating Morphology ◽  
Electroplating Process

Zinc as a metallic coating is a common strategy to protect the carbon steel against corrosion. The most common process of zinc deposition is known as electroplating. Because of the high toxicity of cyanide-based baths, the interest in acid baths has grown, but they present many challenges to be overcome. Several operational parameters and bath constitution – such as current density, pH, and zinc concentration – can impact the current efficiency, deposit quality, and coating morphology. In this work, the process efficiency and the coating morphology were evaluated on electroplated AISI 1008 carbon steel samples. The current density and temperature were individually varied on a range from 7.5 mA.cm-2 to 30.5 mA.cm-2, and from 40 °C to 60 °C, respectively. The process efficiency was evaluated by current efficiency (eC). The surface morphology was analyzed by both optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Varying the bath temperature did not promote impacts in the current efficiency, which remained in all temperatures evaluated over 95%. On the other hand, increasing the current density, increased the current efficiency, starting from (85 ± 2)% at 7.5 mA.cm-2 to (92 ± 2)% at 19.0 mA.cm-2, and (95 ± 1)% at 30.5 mA.cm-2. Through OM and SEM analysis, the increase in the temperature tended to turn the coating rougher, and the sample was not completely covered at 7.5 mA.cm-2. Therefore, we recommend the use of a temperature between 40 °C and 50 °C associated with a current density of 30.5 mA.cm-2.

scholarly journals Manufacturing of High Quality Titanium Thin Foil by Electrodeposition Route

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 07007
Author(s):  
Daisuke Suzuki ◽  
Haruka Yamamoto ◽  
Matsuhide Horikawa ◽  
Hideki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Good Surface ◽  
Post Card ◽  
Cathode Current

To challenge the significant reduction of manufacturing cost of Ti thin sheet or foil in the future, manufacturing of Ti foil by electrodeposition route was studied with emphasizing on factors affecting quality of the foil and separability from Mo cathode. Current density was one of the strong factors affecting soundness of deposited Ti foil and its separability from the cathode. Electrolyte bath temperature also affected soundness and separability of deposited Ti foil. Separability was closely related to interdiffusion distance of Ti and Mo, that is, shorter diffusion distance, which was brought by low temperature and low current density, led to good separability as well as good surface quality. By reflecting above knowledge, post card size Ti foil of around 0.1 mm in thickness was successfully obtained. It had good quality and could be separated from the cathode by hand. O and Fe contents were drastically decreased by this process.

scholarly journals ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF TIN–ZINC ALLOY FROM CITRATE–AMMONIA ELECTROLYTE

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Svitlana Hermanivna Deribo ◽  
Serhii Anatoliiovych Leshchenko ◽  
Valrii Pavlovych Gomozov ◽  
Yuliia Ivanivna Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Deposition ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Cathode Current Density ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Zinc Alloy ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Fine Grained Structure

The cathodic processes of electrochemical deposition of a tin–zinc alloy in citrate–ammonia electrolytes have been investigated. The content of the main components of the investigated electrolyte (g/dm3): SnCl2·2H2O – 44, ZnO – 4, NH4Cl – 100, Na3C6H5O7 – 100. Wood glue (1.5 g/dm3) and neonol (4 ml/dm3) were added to the electrolyte as surfactants. It was found that high–quality coatings are deposited without heating and stirring only in the pH range from 6,0 to 7,0. The addition of these substances to the electrolyte is predicted to lead to inhibition of the reduction of metals, an improvement in the crystal structure of the deposit, but decreases the cathodic current efficiency. Hull cell studies showed that an electrolyte containing neonol as a surfactant showed better throwing power compared to other solutions. The dependence of the current efficiency of the alloy on the cathode current density showed that in the range of current densities from 0.5 A/dm2 to 4 A/dm2, the current efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 82 % to 52 %. The experimentally obtained dependence of the zinc content in the alloy on the cathodic current density showed the possibility of obtaining alloys with a zinc content of 8 % to 33 %. The obtained results allowed us to determine that for the deposition of an alloy with a zinc content of 20–25 %, which provides the best anti–corrosion properties of the coating, it is necessary to carry out the process at a cathodic current density of 1,5–2,0 A/dm2, while the current efficiency is about 70 %, and the deposition rate alloy is 0,44–0,54 μm/min. The received coatings have a semi–bright appearance, a fine–grained structure, light gray color, they are strongly adhered to the substrate.

The Chemical Compositions and Origin Characters of Serpentine Jade from Different Deposits

2014 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Yong Ya Wang ◽  
Fu Xi Gan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Type I ◽  
Inductively Coupled

This work aims to explore the sources of raw materials of archaic serpentine jade artifacts by comparing their trace element content. The major and trace elements of serpentine jade samples from different deposits in China are determined by external-beam proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Trace element concentrations are also measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy for comparison. The relationship between the trace element content and the mechanism of serpentine formation is discussed. The results indicate that Type I jade has a small amount of Ni in it and almost no Cr and Co while significant amount of Cr, Co and Ni was found in Type II jade. Thus, this could be used to distinguish the two kinds of serpentine jade formed by different mechanisms.

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