scholarly journals The colour lexicon of the Serbian language - a study of dark blue and dark red colour categories Part 2: Categorical facilitation with Serbian colour terms

Psihologija ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Jakovljev ◽  
Suncica Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Category Effect ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
Linguistic Categories ◽  
Category Effects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Colour Terms ◽  
Dark Blue

Part 1 of this study (Jakovljev & Zdravkovic, 2018) isolated two frequent and salient non- BCTs in the Serbian language: teget ?dark blue? and bordo ?dark red?, that segregate the blue and the red part of the colour space respectively. Now we conducted two experiments to additionally test the cognitive salience of these terms, investigating whether they can produce the category effects in a colour discrimination task. We demonstrated within? and between-participants agreement about the placement of the boundary in the blue and the red part of the colour space, additionally showing that Serbian speakers have distinctive representations of these categories. Analysis of RT in the discrimination task showed category effects ? participants were faster when discriminating colour pairs that belong to different linguistic categories than the pairs from the same category. These results for the first time demonstrated category effect in the Serbian language as well as the category effect in speeded discrimination of the red part of the colour space for any language. They also support views that category effect is linked to higher cognitive processes; hence it can be language specific.

Do Linguistic Categories Affect Colour Perception? A Comparison of English and Turkish Perception of Blue

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 305-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Ozgen ◽  
I R L Davies
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Linguistic Categories ◽  
Colour Terms ◽  
Dark Blue

Cultural relativists adduce the variation in colour categories across languages as prima facie evidence for linguistic relativity (language affects thought). However, there have been very few experiments that have gone beyond this observational level to assess the extent and the nature of linguistic differences on colour categorisation and perception. Here, we report experiments comparing English and Turkish speakers using a colour-grouping task and same - different tasks aimed at redressing this lack. Turkish categorises the blue region with two basic colour terms (lacivert ‘dark blue’ and mavi ‘blue’) whereas English has a single basic term. In experiment 1 subjects sorted a representative set of 65 colours into groups on the basis of their perceptual similarity. Native Turkish speakers were significantly more likely than native English speakers to form two distinct blue groups corresponding to the two basic blue terms of Turkish. In the same - different tasks we sought for possible categorical effects: enhanced discrimination across category boundaries and/or reduced discrimination within categories. For successive presentation, Turkish speakers were more accurate than English speakers in judgments of colour pairs that fell on opposite sides of the lacivert - mavi boundary. However, for simultaneous presentation, there was no difference between the two language groups. The results suggest that there are detectable effects of linguistic categories on colour cognition, but the locus of the effect may be in memory rather than perception.

scholarly journals The Impact of Brain Lateralization and Anxiety-Like Behaviour in an Extensive Operant Conditioning Task in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Alessandra Pecunioso ◽  
Marco Dadda ◽  
Christian Agrillo
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
The Impact

Several studies in mammals, birds, and fish have documented better cognitive abilities associated with an asymmetrical distribution of cognitive functions in the two halves of the brain, also known as ‘functional brain lateralization’. However, the role of brain lateralization in learning abilities is still unclear. In addition, although recent studies suggest a link between some personality traits and accuracy in cognitive tasks, the relation between anxiety and learning skills in Skinner boxes needs to be clarified. In the present study, we tested the impact of brain lateralization and anxiety-like behaviour in the performance of an extensive operant conditioning task. Zebrafish tested in a Skinner box underwent 500 trials in a colour discrimination task (red vs. yellow and green vs. blue). To assess the degree of lateralization, fish were observed in a detour test in the presence of a dummy predator, and anxiety-like behaviour was studied by observing scototaxis response in an experimental tank divided into light and dark compartments. Although the low performance in the colour discrimination task did not permit the drawing of firm conclusions, no correlation was found between the accuracy in the colour discrimination task and the behaviour in the detour and scototaxis tests. This suggests that neither different degrees of asymmetries in brain lateralization nor anxiety may significantly impact the learning skills of zebrafish.

The development of a colour discrimination index

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Xu ◽  
MR Luo ◽  
M Pointer
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Discrimination Index ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
Three Components

One aspect of colour rendering is to discern the difference between colours and colour discrimination. This is important for applications such as surgical procedures and industrial inspection. Two psychophysical experiments were conducted using computer generated images and real materials, including stone, wood and organs. The results were used to develop a colour discrimination index which includes three components: the CAM02-UCS uniform colour space, the correlated colour temperature and a set of test samples.

Modulation of cerebello-cerebral resting state networks by site-specific stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 2084-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Rastogi ◽  
Ayda Ghahremani ◽  
Robin Cash
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Resting State Networks ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Broad Role

Converging evidence from neuroimaging and neuromodulation literature suggests that the cerebellum plays a broad role in motor as well as cognitive processes through its participation in resting-state networks. A recent study by Halko et al. ( J Neurosci 34: 12049–12056, 2014) demonstrates, for the first time, the ability to modulate functional connectivity of some of these distinct resting-state networks using site-specific repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum. In this Neuro Forum, we discuss and critically analyze this study, emphasizing important findings, potential therapeutic relevance, and areas worthy of further inquiry.

Associative learning in hatchlings of the lizard Calotes versicolor: taste and colour discrimination

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagyashri Shanbhag ◽  
Veena Ammanna ◽  
Srinivas Saidapur
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Learning Behaviour ◽  
New Born ◽  
Silk Moth ◽  
Calotes Versicolor ◽  
Taste Discrimination ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe study examined whether newly born hatchlings of Calotes versicolor discriminate between tastes and exhibit associative learning. The one-day-old hatchlings ate 2nd instar silk-moth larvae (prey) placed in non-painted, orange or green dishes without any bias for the background colour. They ate sucrose coated sweetened prey, but given a choice preferred natural larvae. But they spat bitter tasting chloroquine phosphate (CP)-coated prey and exhibited aversion behaviour. Hatchlings fed on natural larvae from non-painted or orange dishes for 10 days preferred food from the dish to which they were accustomed when choice of both colour backgrounds was given suggesting they also remember different tastes in association with background colour cues. Upon swapping sucrose and CP-coated prey/dish colours the hatchlings were misled and they attempted to eat from the dishes to which they were accustomed prior to the trials regardless of whether food/prey was coated with sucrose or CP. However, bitter prey was immediately spat and aversion behaviour followed. The study shows for the first time, taste discrimination and associative learning behaviour in new-born lizard hatchlings.

scholarly journals Eurasian jays do not copy the choices of conspecifics, but they do show evidence of stimulus enhancement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Corina J Logan ◽  
Katherine Lister ◽  
Nicola S Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
New Caledonian Crow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Social Information Use ◽  
Explicit Training

Corvids (birds in the crow family) are hypothesised to have a general cognitive tool-kit because they show a wide range of transferrable skills across social, physical and temporal tasks, despite differences in socioecology. However, it is unknown whether relatively asocial corvids differ from social corvids in their use of social information in the context of copying the choices of others, because only one such test has been conducted in a relatively asocial corvid. We investigated whether relatively asocial Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) use social information (i.e., information made available by others). Previous studies have indicated that jays attend to social context in their caching and mate provisioning behaviour; however, it is unknown whether jays copy the choices of others. We tested the jays in two different tasks varying in difficulty, where social corvid species have demonstrated social information use in both tasks. Firstly, an object-dropping task was conducted requiring objects to be dropped down a tube to release a food reward from a collapsible platform, which corvids can learn through explicit training. Only one rook and one New Caledonian crow have learned the task using social information from a demonstrator. Secondly, we tested the birds on a simple colour discrimination task, which should be easy to solve, because it has been shown that corvids can make colour discriminations. Using the same colour discrimination task in a previous study, all common ravens and carrion crows copied the demonstrator. After observing a conspecific demonstrator, none of the jays solved the object-dropping task, though all jays were subsequently able to learn to solve the task in a non-social situation through explicit training, and jays chose the demonstrated colour at chance levels. Our results suggest that social and relatively asocial corvids differ in social information use, indicating that relatively asocial species may have secondarily lost this ability due to lack of selection pressure from an asocial environment.

scholarly journals Samspil máls og merkingar. Um litaheiti í íslensku táknmáli

Orð og tunga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Þórhalla Guðmundsdóttir Beck ◽  
Matthew James Whelpton
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
British English ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Basic Colour ◽  
Basic Color ◽  
The Many ◽  
Basic Color Terms ◽  
Colour Terms

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay brought a sea change in semantic studies of colour terms when they published their book Basic Color Terms in 1969. Up to that point the dominant view was that each language represented a unique conceptual organisation of the world, a view supported by the fact that the colour spectrum is a continuum which provides not obvious breaks for the purposes of naming. Despite the many criticisms of their work which have followed, their methodology has proven extremely influential and been widely adopted. The project Evolution of Semantic Systems, 2011–2012, adopted their methodology for a study of colour terms in the Indo-European languages and the Colours in Context project applied the same methods to a study of Icelandic Sign Language. Signed languages diff er in many ways from spoken languages but the results of this study suggest the broad organisation of the colour space is the same in Icelandic Sign Language, Icelandic and British English. The colour space is organised by a few dominant terms, largely the same as Berlin and Kay ́s original basic colour terms. Yet within that broad pattern is considerable microvariation, especially in the spaces between the dominant terms. There the characteristic patt erns of word formation in the language have a clear influence in colour naming strategies.

scholarly journals Eurasian jays do not copy the choices of conspecifics, but they do show evidence of stimulus enhancement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Corina J Logan ◽  
Katherine Lister ◽  
Nicola S Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
New Caledonian Crow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Social Information Use ◽  
Explicit Training

Corvids (birds in the crow family) are hypothesised to have a general cognitive tool-kit because they show a wide range of transferrable skills across social, physical and temporal tasks, despite differences in socioecology. However, it is unknown whether relatively asocial corvids differ from social corvids in their use of social information in the context of copying the choices of others, because only one such test has been conducted in a relatively asocial corvid. We investigated whether relatively asocial Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) use social information (i.e., information made available by others). Previous studies have indicated that jays attend to social context in their caching and mate provisioning behaviour; however, it is unknown whether jays copy the choices of others. We tested the jays in two different tasks varying in difficulty, where social corvid species have demonstrated social information use in both tasks. Firstly, an object-dropping task was conducted requiring objects to be dropped down a tube to release a food reward from a collapsible platform, which corvids can learn through explicit training. Only one rook and one New Caledonian crow have learned the task using social information from a demonstrator. Secondly, we tested the birds on a simple colour discrimination task, which should be easy to solve, because it has been shown that corvids can make colour discriminations. Using the same colour discrimination task in a previous study, all common ravens and carrion crows copied the demonstrator. After observing a conspecific demonstrator, none of the jays solved the object-dropping task, though all jays were subsequently able to learn to solve the task in a non-social situation through explicit training, and jays chose the demonstrated colour at chance levels. Our results suggest that social and relatively asocial corvids differ in social information use, indicating that relatively asocial species may have secondarily lost this ability due to lack of selection pressure from an asocial environment.

scholarly journals The Strength of the Medial Olivocochlear Reflex in Chinchillas Is Associated With Delayed Response Performance in a Visual Discrimination Task With Vocalizations as Distractors

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Vicencio-Jimenez ◽  
Giuliana Bucci-Mansilla ◽  
Macarena Bowen ◽  
Gonzalo Terreros ◽  
David Morales-Zepeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Visual Discrimination Task ◽  
Medial Olivocochlear ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Auditory Distractors ◽  
Delayed Responses

The ability to perceive the world is not merely a passive process but depends on sensorimotor loops and interactions that guide and actively bias our sensory systems. Understanding which and how cognitive processes participate in this active sensing is still an open question. In this context, the auditory system presents itself as an attractive model for this purpose as it features an efferent control network that projects from the cortex to subcortical nuclei and even to the sensory epithelium itself. This efferent system can regulate the cochlear amplifier sensitivity through medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons located in the brainstem. The ability to suppress irrelevant sounds during selective attention to visual stimuli is one of the functions that have been attributed to this system. MOC neurons are also directly activated by sounds through a brainstem reflex circuit, a response linked to the ability to suppress auditory stimuli during visual attention. Human studies have suggested that MOC neurons are also recruited by other cognitive functions, such as working memory and predictability. The aim of this research was to explore whether cognitive processes related to delayed responses in a visual discrimination task were associated with MOC function. In this behavioral condition, chinchillas held their responses for more than 2.5 s after visual stimulus offset, with and without auditory distractors, and the accuracy of these responses was correlated with the magnitude of the MOC reflex. We found that the animals’ performance decreased in presence of auditory distractors and that the results observed in MOC reflex could predict this performance. The individual MOC strength correlated with behavioral performance during delayed responses with auditory distractors, but not without them. These results in chinchillas, suggest that MOC neurons are also recruited by other cognitive functions, such as working memory.

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