A Comparative Analysis of the Mitogenic Response of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Various Age Groups of Turkeys

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Agrawal ◽  
D. L. Reynolds
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-729
Author(s):  
T.N. Savina

Subject. To achieve a high level of economic security is a key priority of national development. Employment reveals one of the most important aspects of social development of the individual that is associated with his or her needs satisfaction in the sphere of employment and is boon to economic security. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to show the impact of unemployment on economic security in employment. Methods. I apply such scientific methods as dialectical, historical and logical unity, structural and functional analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. The methods of multivariate statistical and comparative analysis serve as a methodological basis of the study. To determine the indicator of unemployment, I use the band theory. Results. I underpin the growing role of employment in ensuring economic security. The paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the unemployment status and a comparative analysis of the indicator in the Republic of Mordovia, the Volga Federal District, and the Russian Federation as a whole. I identify trends in the average duration of unemployment, show the distribution of unemployed by level of education and age groups. Conclusions. The average annual unemployment rate in the Republic of Mordovia is lower than in Russia and the Volga Federal District. The findings may be useful for public authorities to substantiate their employment policy at both macro- and meso-levels, for designing programs and strategies for socio-economic development of regions and the social security doctrine, as well as in practical activities of employment services.


1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Takimoto ◽  
Takao Nakamura ◽  
Makoto Takeuchi ◽  
Yukiko Sumi ◽  
Toshiyuki Tanaka ◽  
...  

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Eisenbraun ◽  
R.Lee Mosley ◽  
Daniel H Teitelbaum ◽  
Richard A Miller

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Jee Wook Ryu ◽  
Sung Ho Lee ◽  
Seok Keun Choi ◽  
In Ho Oh ◽  
Min Ki Kim ◽  
...  

Nature ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 339 (6227) ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohtaroh Takagaki ◽  
Amy DeCloux ◽  
Marc Bonneville ◽  
Susumu Tonegawa

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 5292-5301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara ◽  
Fitriya Nurannisa Dewi ◽  
Hajime Hisaeda ◽  
Adrian L. Smith ◽  
Fumiko Jimi ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Eimeria spp. are intracellular protozoa that infect intestinal epithelia of most vertebrates, causing coccidiosis. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) that reside at the basolateral site of epithelial cells (EC) have immunoregulatory and immunoprotective roles against Eimeria spp. infection. However, it remains unknown how IEL are involved in the regulation of epithelial barrier during Eimeria sp. infection. Here, we demonstrated two distinct roles of IEL against infection with Eimeria vermiformis, a murine pathogen: production of cytokines to induce protective immunity and expression of junctional molecules to preserve epithelial barrier. The number of IEL markedly increased when oocyst production reached a peak. During infection, IEL increased production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and decreased transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production. Addition of IFN-γ and TNF-α or supernatants obtained from cultured IEL from E. vermiformis-infected mice reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in a confluent CMT93 cell monolayer, a murine intestine-derived epithelial line, but antibodies against these cytokines suppressed the decline of TER. Moreover, TGF-β attenuated the damage of epithelial monolayer and changes in TER caused by IFN-γ and TNF-α. The expression of junctional molecules by EC was decreased when IEL produced a high level of IFN-γ and TNF-α and a low level of TGF-β in E. vermiformis-infected mice. Interestingly, IEL constantly expressed junctional molecules and a coculture of EC with IEL increased TER. These results suggest that IEL play important multifunctional roles not only in protection of the epithelium against E. vermiformis-induced change by cytokine production but also in direct interaction with the epithelial barrier when intra-EC junctions are down-regulated.


1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 302-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Sarnacki ◽  
Bernadette Bègue ◽  
Anne Jarry ◽  
Nadine Cerf-Bensussan

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