Constitutionalism in Communist China

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arthur Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Democratic Reform ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communist China ◽  
The Common ◽  
People's Congress ◽  
Chinese Citizen

Communist China entered the “constitutional stage” of its experience on September 20, 1954, when the Constitution of the Chinese People's Republic (CPR), adopted by the first National People's Congress (NPC) on that date, was promulgated. The ordinary Chinese citizen could detect no immediate effect of this event upon the conditions of his daily life, and he had no reason to believe that things affecting him would be done very much differently in the future than in the recent past. He could understand from the incessant propaganda of the preceding months that the “transition to Socialism” was moving toward its climax. The new Constitution promised him no surcease from the incitements and pressures of the interminable “mass movements”—for “land reform,” “suppression of counter-revolutionaries,” “Resist America, Aid Korea,” “3-Anti,” “5-Anti,” “democratic reform,” “national elections,” “On to Taiwan,” and the others. Instead, he would be told that the past was merely the prologue: the pre-constitutional measures of September, 1949—the Common Program, the Organic Law of the Central People's Government (CPG), and the Organic Law of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)—had only enabled the “people's democratic dictatorship” to lay the foundations for the superstructure of Socialism.

Oral History, Memory and Written Tradition: An Introduction

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 160-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Thane
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Written Expression ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Time Periods

When, in the 1970s, historians of the recent past began seriously to explore the uses of oral history they were, as Alistair Thomson points out in this volume, much criticised for uncritical reliance upon the frailties of human memory. Not all such criticism was misplaced, but, as Thomson describes, the past quarter-century of scepticism and experience has immensely refined the ways in which the method is used and its outcomes interpreted. Yet many historians continue to value documentary over oral sources to a surprising degree, given the extent to which documents throughout history have been derived from oral sources, or were written versions of unspoken memories. If there are serious methodological problems confronting interpretations of the recent past which depend upon memory, such problems arise at least equally for other time periods. The value of the essays which follow, and of the conference at which they were read, is in the focus on the common methodological problems posed to historians and anthropologists of very different time periods and cultures by memory and its oral and written expression: issues of what people do and do not remember, of why and how memory is used to interpret past and present.

A New Class Structure Emerging in China?

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
William Malden
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Communist Society ◽  
New Class ◽  
Education Campaign ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Historic Significance ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
People's Congress

The “Socialist education campaign” now in full swing in China was recently commended by Premier Chou En-lai in his report to the National People's Congress as being “of great revolutionary and historic significance.” Such campaigns are no novelty in Communist China. The student of Chinese affairs might indeed be tempted to see in the renewed effort of 1964–65 the lastest manifestation of a recurring phenomenon, for the new campaign bears many features common to post movements and at present at any rate does not promise to be so dramatic in its revelations or as severe in its measures as the Hundred Flowers of 1957. But earlier campaigns such as the Three and Five “Antis” were mainly to eradicate specific errors and failings which were often a part of the old China. Attacking corruption, tax evasion, bureaucracy, etc., these movements, harsh as they were, could be represented in principle as a necessary process in cleaning up and modernising the corrupt social structure of the past. It is true that they were accompanied by a wealth of Party jargon, and were a serious stage in the development of a Communist society, but they dealt largely with the problems of the pre-Communist era. The Hundred Flowers period, although directly concerned with the rectification of ideological mistakes, was still a movement of stern reaction to the bourgeois tendencies of the past. In contrast, the Chinese leaders seem now to have to deal with errors arising from the system which they themselves have created.

Creating “Masters of the Country” in Shanghai and Beijing: Discourse and the 1953–54 Local People's Congress Elections

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 1071-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jishun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Common People ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The Common ◽  
People's Congress

AbstractThe first round of elections for local people's congresses was an important moment in the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to create an image of the common people as the “masters of the country.” Lower-class people were portrayed in official propaganda as “masters” who were also supporters of the Party. Yet, those “masters” nevertheless displayed diverse political attitudes that were influenced by different local political cultures, particularly in Beijing and Shanghai. The official propaganda promoting the “masters” was a Communist strategy to gain political legitimacy that ironically created the foundation for heterodox mass movements.

Mahmood Hasan Khan. Underdevelopment and Agrarian Structure in Pakistan. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1981. pp.xviii+ 307.

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ownership Patterns ◽  
Agrarian Structure

Students of the land ownership patterns in Pakistan have always been hampered by extreme lack of data, neither the 1960 census nor the 1972 census reveal anything about the actual ownership structure of land. Khan's book goes some distance in providing numbers on land ownership (for 1971 and 1976), and also documents methods and failures of land reform efforts over the past century in Pakistan, disaggregated to show efforts in this regard in both the provinces of Sind and Punjab. The book actually provides an overwhelming amount of data - some 87 pages of charts and tables document a book of under 200 pages of text.

Beyond Promoter: The Role of Macrophage in Invasion and Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Haibao Zhang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Tumor Stem Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the common urologic neoplasms, and its incidence has been increasing over the past several decades; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown up to now. Recent studies have found that in addition to tumor cells, other cells in the tumor microenvironment also affect the biological behavior of the tumor. Among them, macrophages exist in a large amount in tumor microenvironment, and they are generally considered to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarized the recent researches on macrophage in the invasiveness and progression of RCC in latest years, and we also introduced and discussed many studies about macrophage in RCC to promote angiogenesis by changing tumor microenvironment and inhibit immune response in order to activate tumor progression. Moreover, macrophage interactes with various cytokines to promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and it also promotes tumor stem cell formation and induces drug resistance in the progression of RCC. The highlight of this review is to make a summary of the roles of macrophage in the invasion and progression of RCC; at the same time to raise some potential and possible targets for future RCC therapy.

Searching for Political Parties in the Past

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Chapter 1 introduces the long and difficult process of the theoretical legitimation of the political party as such. The analysis of the meaning and acceptance of ‘parties’ as tools of expressing contrasting visions moves forward from ancient Greece and Rome where (democratic) politics had first become a matter of speculation and practice, and ends up with the first cautious acceptance of parties by eighteenth-century British thinkers. The chapter explores how parties or factions have been constantly considered tools of division of the ‘common wealth’ and the ‘good society’. The holist and monist vision of a harmonious and compounded society, stigmatized parties and factions as an ultimate danger for the political community. Only when a new way of thinking, that is liberalism, emerged, was room for the acceptance of parties set.

Can Groups Assert That P?

2019 ◽  
pp. 326-344
Author(s):  
Deborah Tollefsen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Constitutive Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Declarative Statement ◽  
John Macfarlane

When a group or institution issues a declarative statement, what sort of speech act is this? Is it the assertion of a single individual (perhaps the group’s spokesperson or leader) or the assertion of all or most of the group members? Or is there a sense in which the group itself asserts that p? If assertion is a speech act, then who is the actor in the case of group assertion? These are the questions this chapter aims to address. Whether groups themselves can make assertions or whether a group of individuals can jointly assert that p depends, in part, on what sort of speech act assertion is. The literature on assertion has burgeoned over the past few years, and there is a great deal of debate regarding the nature of assertion. John MacFarlane has helpfully identified four theories of assertion. Following Sandy Goldberg, we can call these the attitudinal account, the constitutive rule account, the common-ground account, and the commitment account. I shall consider what group assertion might look like under each of these accounts and doing so will help us to examine some of the accounts of group assertion (often presented as theories of group testimony) on offer. I shall argue that, of the four accounts, the commitment account can best be extended to make sense of group assertion in all its various forms.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Framework on the Determinants of Food Purchasing Behavior of the Elderly: A Bibliometric Review with Scientific Mapping in Web of Science

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Khaled Alhammadi ◽  
Luna Santos-Roldán ◽  
Luis Javier Cabeza-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Food Purchasing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The Common ◽  
Elderly Consumers

The past few years have seen significant demographic changes in most regions, including an increased elderly population. Subsequently, elderly citizens comprise an important market segment of consumers, with the food industry one of the most affected areas in this context. However, food market managers previously believed that elderly consumers’ needs were stereotyped in nature. The lack of focus on this sector, therefore, left elderly consumers as an untapped market, without realizing the financial independence of this segment regarding their nutrition. This research will attempt to provide the key determinant factors on elderly consumers’ behavior related to food. For that purpose, a complete literature review of more than 123 papers regarding these concepts has been carried out. Once analyzed, we highlight the common insights to give clear guidance for supermarket managers and food manufacturers to have a better knowledge of the reasons behind elderly people’s food acquisitions.

scholarly journals B.05 Hemi-laryngopharyngeal spasm (HELPS) syndrome: The discovery, cure, and characterization of a new neurological condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (S2) ◽  
pp. S11-S11
Author(s):  
C Honey ◽  
M Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Care ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Case ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Operative Outcome ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similar Motor

Background: We published the world’s first case of hemi-laryngpharyngeal spasm (HELPS) syndrome cured by microvascular decompression (MVD) of the Xth cranial nerve in 2016. We now present a small cohort of patients (n=3) successfully treated with surgery in order to better delineate the common characteristics of this syndrome, diagnostic tests of choice, nuances of their surgical care and outcomes of their treatment. Methods: The history and physical examination of three patients with HELPS syndrome are presented. Pre-operative laryngoscopy, neuroimaging, response to botox and intra-operative videos are detailed. Post-operative outcome and complications are presented. Results: Each patient reported similar motor (choking) and sensory (coughing) features in their history. Episodic choking relentlessly progressed over the years until it occurred while sleeping and with frightening severity prompting tracheostomy in one patient and intubation in another. A “tickling” sensation deep in the throat triggered episodic coughing that worsened over the years until it occurred while sleeping and with frightening severity (syncope and incontinence). Conclusions: A review of the literature suggests that patients with similar symptoms, often called episodic laryngospasm in the past, have been treated with psychotherapy or antacids. With the recognition that a clearly defined subset of these patients have HELPS syndrome, we can offer them the potential of a neurosurgical cure.

Expanding Evolutionary Psychology: toward a Better Understanding of Violence and Aggression

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iver Mysterud ◽  
Dag Viljen Poleszynski
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Reactive Hypoglycemia ◽  
Proximate Factors ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Habitual Intake

The “mainstream” evolutionary psychology model is currently under criticism from scientists of other persuasions wanting to expand the model or to make it more realistic in various ways. We argue that focusing on the environment as if it consisted only of social (or sociocultural) factors gives too limited a perspective if evolutionary approaches are to understand the behavior of modern humans. Taking the case of violence, we argue that numerous novel environmental factors of nutritional and physical-chemical origin should be considered as relevant proximate factors. The common thesis presented here is that several aspects of the biotic or abiotic environment are able to change brain chemistry, thus predisposing individuals to violence and aggression in given contexts. In the past, aggressive behavior has had a number of useful functions that were of particular importance to our ancestors' survival and reproduction. However, some of the conditions in our novel environment, which either lowered the threshold for aggression or released such behavior in contexts which were adaptive in our evolutionary past, no longer apply. It is high time evolutionary approaches to violence are expanded to include the possibilities that violence may be triggered by nutritionally depleted foods, reactive hypoglycemia caused by habitual intake of foods with a high glycemic index (GI), food allergies/intolerances and exposure to new environmental toxins (heavy metals, synthetic poisons).

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