Spatial Models of Party Competition

1963 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ideological Dimension

The use of spatial ideas to interpret party competition is a universal phenomenon of modern politics. Such ideas are the common coin of political journalists and have extraordinary influence in the thought of political activists. Especially widespread is the conception of a liberal-conservative dimension on which parties maneuver for the support of a public that is itself distributed from left to right. This conception goes back at least to French revolutionary times and has recently gained new interest for an academic audience through its ingenious formalization by Downs and others. However, most spatial interpretations of party competition have a very poor fit with the evidence about how large-scale electorates and political leaders actually respond to politics. Indeed, the findings on this point are clear enough so that spatial ideas about party competition ought to be modified by empirical observation. I will review here evidence that the “space” in which American parties contend for electoral support is very unlike a single ideological dimension, and I will offer some suggestions toward revision of the prevailing spatial model.

Estimating the Conflict Dimensionality in the German Länder from Vote Advice Applications, 2014–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Nyhuis ◽  
Pascal König
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Common Concern ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
German Länder ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Elections

AbstractBuilding on the spatial model of party competition, we investigate the structure of political conflict in German subnational politics. Little research has examined the conflict dimensionality at the Länder level. Moreover, the few studies which have done so predominantly rely on a deductive approach that pre-structures the conflict space using presumed conflict dimensions. In this paper, we put these dimensionality assumptions to the test with an inductive approach that capitalizes on parties’ preference expressions in vote advice applications. We circumvent the common concern that data from vote advice applications is too sparse for assessing political conflict structures by estimating a space that bridges multiple elections. Unlike previous research, we find that political conflict is defined by a comprehensive left-right dimension and a secondary dimension separating mainstream parties from fringe competitors. This anti-establishment dimension is characterized by diverging preferences over democratic institutions and policies considered consensual among the political mainstream.

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Buchler
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Spatial Theory ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Roll Call Voting ◽  
Legislative Session ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conventional Models

Spatial theory is divided between models of elections and models of roll call voting, neither of which alone can explain congressional polarization. This chapter discusses the history of spatial theory, why it is important to link the two strands of spatial models, and the value of reversing the order of conventional models. Conventional models place an election before policy decisions are made. This chapter proposes a unified spatial model of Congress in which the conventional order is reversed. First, there is a legislative session, then an election in which voters respond retrospectively, not to the locations candidates claim to hold, but to the bundles of roll call votes that incumbents cast to incrementally adopt their locations in the policy space. Such a model is best suited to explaining three puzzles: why do legislators adopt extreme positions, how do they win, and what role do parties play in the process?

scholarly journals Allies among Enemies: Political authority and party (dis)loyalty in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
DAVID JACKMAN ◽  
MATHILDE MAÎTROT
Keyword(s):  
Political Competition ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Party Discipline ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Member Of Parliament ◽  
Ruling Party

Abstract The authority of political leaders in Bangladesh rests on diverse qualities, not least of which are the muscle and finance they can mobilize, and the relationships they can craft with senior party members. These are utilized to confront rivals both within and outside their own party. In some instances, the intensity of intra-party competition can be so severe that a further quality emerges: the capacity to find allies among enemies. Building local inter-party alliances can bolster the authority of politicians, yet be to the detriment of party coherence. This argument is developed through an analysis of mayoral and parliamentary elections held in the past decade in a small Bangladeshi city, where a ruling party member of parliament (MP) and opposition mayor appear to have developed such a relationship. This has thwarted the electoral ambitions of their fellow party members and has posed a serious challenge to party discipline. While political competition is often seen as being either inter- or intra-party, here it is focused around inter-party alliances. This portrayal suggests we need to give greater emphasis to the decentralized and local character that political authority can take in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals A High-Content Screening Assay for Small Molecules That Stabilize Mutant Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) as Treatments for TPI Deficiency

2021 ◽  
pp. 247255522110181
Author(s):  
Andreas Vogt ◽  
Samantha L. Eicher ◽  
Tracey D. Myers ◽  
Stacy L. Hrizo ◽  
Laura L. Vollmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Triose Phosphate Isomerase ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Triose Phosphate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI Df) is an untreatable, childhood-onset glycolytic enzymopathy. Patients typically present with frequent infections, anemia, and muscle weakness that quickly progresses with severe neuromusclar dysfunction requiring aided mobility and often respiratory support. Life expectancy after diagnosis is typically ~5 years. There are several described pathogenic mutations that encode functional proteins; however, these proteins, which include the protein resulting from the “common” TPIE105D mutation, are unstable due to active degradation by protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Previous work has shown that elevating mutant TPI levels by genetic or pharmacological intervention can ameliorate symptoms of TPI Df in fruit flies. To identify compounds that increase levels of mutant TPI, we have developed a human embryonic kidney (HEK) stable knock-in model expressing the common TPI Df protein fused with green fluorescent protein (HEK TPIE105D-GFP). To directly address the need for lead TPI Df therapeutics, these cells were developed into an optical drug discovery platform that was implemented for high-throughput screening (HTS) and validated in 3-day variability tests, meeting HTS standards. We initially used this assay to screen the 446-member National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection and validated two of the hits in dose–response, by limited structure–activity relationship studies with a small number of analogs, and in an orthogonal, non-optical assay in patient fibroblasts. The data form the basis for a large-scale phenotypic screening effort to discover compounds that stabilize TPI as treatments for this devastating childhood disease.

scholarly journals Cultural Diplomacy and Europe's Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Martin ◽  
Elisabeth Piller
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Arts ◽  
International Exposition ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Iconic Image ◽  
Industrial Designers

Photographs of the German and Soviet pavilions facing off at the Paris International Exposition in 1937 offer an iconic image of the interwar period, and with good reason. This image captures the interwar period's great conflict of ideologies, the international interconnectedness of the age and the aestheticisation of political and ideological conflict in the age of mass media and mass spectacle. [Figure 1] Last but not least, it captures the importance in the 1930s of what we now call cultural diplomacy. Both pavilions – Germany's, in Albert Speer's neo-classical tower bloc crowned with a giant swastika, and the Soviet Union's, housed in Boris Iofan's forward-thrusting structure topped by Vera Mukhina's monumental sculptural group – represented the outcome of a large-scale collaboration between political leaders and architects, artists, intellectuals and graphic and industrial designers seeking to present their country to foreign visitors in a manner designed to advance the country's interests in the international arena. Each pavilion, that is, made an outreach that was diplomatic – in the sense that it sought to mediate between distinct polities – using means that were cultural – in the sense that they deployed refined aesthetic practices (like the arts and architecture) and in the sense that they highlighted the distinctive features, or ‘culture’, of a particular group (like the German nation or the Soviet state).

scholarly journals A NOTE ON PHASING LONG GENOMIC REGIONS USING LOCAL HAPLOTYPE PREDICTIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELEAZAR ESKIN ◽  
RODED SHARAN ◽  
ERAN HALPERIN
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Criterion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
High Computational Cost ◽  
Combining Information

The common approaches for haplotype inference from genotype data are targeted toward phasing short genomic regions. Longer regions are often tackled in a heuristic manner, due to the high computational cost. Here, we describe a novel approach for phasing genotypes over long regions, which is based on combining information from local predictions on short, overlapping regions. The phasing is done in a way, which maximizes a natural maximum likelihood criterion. Among other things, this criterion takes into account the physical length between neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms. The approach is very efficient and is applied to several large scale datasets and is shown to be successful in two recent benchmarking studies (Zaitlen et al., in press; Marchini et al., in preparation). Our method is publicly available via a webserver at .

scholarly journals The pencil of the 4th and 3rd order surfaces obtained as a harmonic equivalent of the pencil of quadrics through a 4th order space curve of the 1st category

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Djukanovic ◽  
Marija Obradovic
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Space Curve ◽  
Parabolic Cylinder ◽  
Triaxial Ellipsoid ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Ordered Space ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Frontal Projection

This paper shows the process of inverting the 4th ordered space curve of the first category with a self-intersecting point (with two planes of symmetry) and determining its harmonic equivalent. There are harmonic equivalents for five groups of surfaces obtained through the 4th order space curve of the 1st category. Mapping was done through a system of circular cross-sections. Both classical and relativistic geometry interpretations are presented. We also designed spatial models - a spatial model of the pencil of quadrics and a spatial model of the pencil of equivalent quadrics. Besides the boundary surfaces, one surface of the 3rd order, which is an equivalent to a triaxial ellipsoid, passes through this pencil of surface of the 4th order. The center of inversion is located on the contour of the ellipsoid. The parabolic cylinder is mapped into its equivalent, by mapping the contour parabola of the cylinder, in the frontal projection, in relation to the center and the sphere of inversion into a contour curve of the 4th order surface. The generating lines of the parabolic cylinder, which are in a projecting position and pass through the antipode, are mapped into circles (also in a projecting position) whose diameters are from the center of inversion to the contour line. The application of the 4th order surfaces in architectural practice is also presented.

scholarly journals The tourism space of Barlinek in the context of spatial models

Turyzm ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Łuć
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Tourism Attractions

This article describes the tourism space of Barlinek in the context of a spatial model. On the basis of field studies and analyses of tourism attractions and elements of tourism development, the author has compared and adapted the models developed by S. Liszewski (1995) and B. Włodarczyk (2011). Moreover the author has developed an extended SWOT analysis of Barlinek’s tourism space.

scholarly journals Satire in Shrestha’s Ghintang Ghishi Twank

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Man Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Positive Change ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Common People ◽  
The People ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Special Occasion ◽  
The Common

   The objective of this article is to analyze the use of satire in three poems, from Rupesh  Shrestha’s volume of poems Ghintang Ghishi Twank in order to examine use of the suffering of voiceless people. The poems depict absurdities of the society and hypocrisy of the leaders which are the causes of poor people‟s pains. This poems exhibit how follies, vices and absurdities are hurdle in transforming society into prosperous one. The poet has berated them with the aim of bringing positive change in the society and in the lives of the common people. The poet mocks at the political changes which have brought change only in the lives of political leaders, not in the lives of the people who have been ignored by the state for long. Despite many anxieties, they enjoy dancing and playing sticks in their hands on the special occasion of Gaijatra. The poems are collection of sharp words which are used to butt the corrupt politicians. For this, the elements of Juvenalian satire have been used as tools for analysis of the selected poems. This study highlights upon the anxieties of marginalized people; demonstrates the shameful act of politicians; and exposes the absurdities prevailed in the society. It indicates that the political and social absurdities are subject to be poked in order to reform a society.

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