Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferences, Party Loyalties and the Vote

1979 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin I. Page ◽  
Calvin C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recursive Models ◽  
Candidate Evaluations ◽  
Voting Decisions ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

Past studies have offered diverse estimates of the role of policy preferences, party loyalties, candidate personalities and other factors in voting decisions. Most have postulated recursive (that is, one-way) causal relationships among the central variables.This study specifies a non-recursive simultaneous equation model and estimates its parameters for the 1972 and 1976 elections using CPS data. The estimates differ markedly from those of simple recursive models. Policy preferences appear to have much more influence on voting decisions, and party attachments much less, than was previously thought. Candidate evaluations strongly affect voters' perceptions of closeness to candidates on policy issues. Party identification may be influenced by short-term factors. Differences between 1972 and 1976 reflect the issue-oriented McGovern candidacy.Simultaneous equation models offer no cure-all; in the absence of accepted theory many specifications are open to controversy. But future research must take account of reciprocal causal paths.

scholarly journals Estimation of Multilevel Simultaneous Equation Models through Genetic Algorithms

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Rocío Hernández-Sanjaime ◽  
Martín González ◽  
Jose J. López-Espín
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Tuning Parameters ◽  
Hybrid Metaheuristic ◽  
Error Terms ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

Problems in estimating simultaneous equation models when error terms are not intertemporally uncorrelated has motivated the introduction of a new multivariate model referred to as Multilevel Simultaneous Equation Model (MSEM). The maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of an MSEM has been set forth. Because of the difficulties associated with the solution of the system of likelihood equations, the maximum likelihood estimator cannot be obtained through exhaustive search procedures. A hybrid metaheuristic that combines a genetic algorithm and an optimization method has been developed to overcome both technical and analytical limitations in the general case when the covariance structure is unknown. The behaviour of the hybrid metaheuristic has been discussed by varying different tuning parameters. A simulation study has been included to evaluate the adequacy of this estimator when error terms are not serially independent. Finally, the performance of this estimation approach has been compared with regard to other alternatives.

scholarly journals Bayesian estimation of simultaneous equation model with lagged endogenous variables and first order serially correlated errors

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
Adedayo A Adepoju ◽  
Oluwayemisi O, Alaba ◽  
P Ogundunmadetayo
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Bayesian Estimator ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Model ◽  
Correlated Errors ◽  
First Order ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

Most simultaneous equation models involve the inclusion of lagged endogenous and/or exogenous variables and sometimes it may be misleading to assume that the errors are normally distributed when in reality they exhibit functional formsthat are not normal especially in practical situations. The classical methods of estimating parameters of simultaneous equation models are usually affected by the presence of autocorrelation among the error terms. Unfortunately, in practice the form of correlation between the pairs of the random deviates is unknown.In this paper classical and Bayesian methods for the estimation of simultaneous equation model withlagged endogenous variables and first order serially correlated errors are considered. The smallsample properties of the methods at different levels of correlation for ρ = 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8are compared.Better parameter estimates were produced by the Bayesian estimator with smaller standard errors compared to the classical method. The standard deviations of the Bayesian estimator are consistently better than those of the OLS estimator for the sample sizes considered. For example, the standard deviations of the Bayesian for b14 (the coefficient of the lagged endogenous variable,y 1t-1) when ρ = 0.2 at N = 10, 15, 20 and 25 were 0.07712781, 0.05433923, 0.03230012 and 0.03177252 respectively while those of OLS were 0.0784732, 0.4718914, 0.05701936 and 1.31422868. However, when ρ = 0.8, the standard deviations were 0.0548055, 0.03860254, 0.02572899 and 0.02126175 for Bayesian and 0.0562190, 0.03882345, 0.053676 and 0.0315632 for OLS. Interestingly, notice that even at high correlation level, the estimates produced by the Bayesian method are closer to the parameter values and the standard deviations decrease as the sample size increases. Hence, the Bayesian estimation method might be a better choice when lagged endogenous variables are included in a simultaneous equation model with auto-correlated disturbances since it appeared to give better results compared to the classical approach.Keywords: Bayesian estimation, Lagged endogenous variables, Simultaneous equations, Monte-Carlo Simulation, First-order autoregressive process.

scholarly journals Moderating Effect of Proactivity on Firm Absorptive Capacity and Performance: Empirical Evidence from Spanish Firms

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 2099
Author(s):  
Rafael Sancho-Zamora ◽  
Isidro Peña-García ◽  
Santiago Gutiérrez-Broncano ◽  
Felipe Hernández-Perlines
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Proactive Behaviour ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of this study was to understand how proactivity can affect the relationship between absorptive capacity and organisational performance. Most previous studies have ignored the role of proactivity in this relationship and have not considered the multidimensional nature of absorptive capacity. A questionnaire was sent to 800 CEOs of Spanish companies from different sectors, procuring a response rate of 38.25%. A structural equation model was applied to test the hypothesis. This study confirms the positive effect that absorptive capacity has on business performance and the moderating role of proactivity in this relationship. Companies that develop their capacity to absorb information from the environment achieve better results. Furthermore, if they engage in proactive behaviour within their company, this relationship is stronger. Future research should include more capacities that are related to knowledge and business performance (i.e., learning capability, innovation capacity, etc.). This study contributes to the understanding of how to manage a company’s knowledge in an appropriate way. It sheds new light on how knowledge management should be conducted, emphasising not only the gathering of information but also the promotion of a proactive attitude on the part of employees to achieve the goal of better performance.

Voting Behaviour

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Spyros Kosmidis
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
Social Cleavages ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Cross National

The chapter reviews studies and shows evidence related to several aspects of the voting behaviour of Greek citizens, in contrast to other similar and dissimilar democracies. It begins with a historical overview of social cleavages and their role in determining coalitions amongst different segments of the electorate. It continues to evaluate the role of group (i.e. party identification) and class membership by reviewing national and cross-national research. It also shows empirical evidence using the available data sources. The chapter continues with a review of studies looking into the role of economic conditions in shaping vote choices, and aims to identify a future research agenda.

scholarly journals The Capital Structure Choice of European Firms: The Role of Financial System and Institutional Setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Venanzi ◽  
Alessia Naccarato
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Financial Research

Recent international financial research finds that a firm’s capital structure is not only influenced by firm- and industry-specific determinants, but also by country-specific factors. Starting from the last decade’s studies on the country effect and addressing some areas of potential development in empirical testing, we test, on a sample of seven apparently similar European countries and more than 800,000 variously sized firms (from the BACH-ESD database) over a ten year period (2000-2009), the direct effects of country characteristics on leverage, as well as their mediating role on the effects of firm- and industry-specific determinants, by using a simultaneous equation model (SEM) never used before by any scholar in this field. The emerging empirical evidence: i) highlights the relevance of many institutional, financial, and macroeconomic country characteristics; ii) confirms the better ability of banks in selecting, monitoring, and financing small and risky firms; iii) shows that the demand-side perspective can better explain some counter-intuitive effects of some determinants on leverage.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Partisipasi Dalam Penyusunan Anggaran Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial dan Motivasi Sebagai Variabel Intervening

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Mohamad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Managerial Performance

<p class="Style20"><em>The research objective is to examine the effect of budget participation on managerial performance and motivation as intervening variable. These respondents involve managers those participate in preparing budget in public manufacturing firms. Data were collected by using random sampling method and analyzed by structural equation model. This research finds that budget participation has positive and significant effect on motivation and managerial performance. Meanwhile motivation has positive and significant effect on managerial performance. This research has limitations. First, the sample of this research is managers that participate in preparing budget. Second, data were analyzed by using path analysis that has limitation. So, future research suggests by using simultaneous equation to eliminate errors. This model is called structural equation model.</em></p>

scholarly journals Characterisation of k-Class estimation in simultaneous equation models

1969 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
José F. Burguete ◽  
Esteban Burguete
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Geometric Characterization ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Model ◽  
Oblique Projector ◽  
Linear Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Whole Space ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

This paper presents the direct geometric characterization of the k-Class estimation method in a linear simultaneous equation model. The concept of oblique projector is used. The paper also exhibits several estimators generated by projecting along subspaces of the whole space along which this class is projected.

scholarly journals Excessive Use of WeChat at Work Promotes Creativity: The Role of Knowledge Sharing, Psychological Strain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiqin Zhang ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Xudong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Strain ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Use Behavior

The pervasive nature of social media can result in excessive use and addiction, but whether excessive use of social media is good or bad for individuals' creativity is unclear. This study explored the direct and indirect impact of excessive use of WeChat on individuals' creativity in workplace, focusing on how excessive use of WeChat promotes or restrains creativity through knowledge sharing and psychological strain. Based on the person–environment fit model and motivation theory, this study examined the three paths of excessive WeChat use affecting individuals' creativity in workplace. We used the structural equation model to test our research model. A survey of 364 employees revealed that excessive WeChat use directly promotes creativity and indirectly improves creativity via knowledge sharing, but excessive WeChat use does not lead to psychological strain. These findings, obtained by theoretically and empirically investigating the positive outcomes of excessive WeChat use, suggest an upside to excessive WeChat use. The implications and limitations of this study and future research on excessive-use behavior are also discussed.

Identification of Simultaneous Equation Model in Econometrics

2011 ◽  
Vol 58-60 ◽  
pp. 1944-1947
Author(s):  
Hou Xing Tang
Keyword(s):  
Econometric Model ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
New Method ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Model ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

Identification is an important topic on simultaneous equation econometric model. It determines that whether the coefficients of the simultaneous equation models can be estimated. From the definition of identification perspective, this article will provide a new method about identification based on the relation between identified equations and the linear combinations of all equations.

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