The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Apter
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Society ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Political Modernization

Social analysts have long been preoccupied with those features of traditional culture and belief which affect the direction of change and the receptivity of a society to innovation. In spite of the very considerable literature concerned with acculturation, there have been few efforts to examine different types of traditional systems with respect to the problems they pose for political modernization. We attempt this form of analysis here. The plan is to examine two countries, Ghana and Uganda, which are engaged in the effort to build a national society. Each is experimenting with constitutional forms and each has had to deal with the problem of traditionalism.

scholarly journals Introducing POSVAR: A dataset on refugee-related violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gineste ◽  
Burcu Savun
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Political ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Societal Violence ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

While scholars have for some time debated the role of refugee flows in the international spread of conflict, most evidence has been indirect due to the scarcity of systematic data on refugee-related violence. The Political and Societal Violence By And Against Refugees (POSVAR) dataset addresses this lacuna by providing cross-national, time-series data on refugees’ involvement in acts of physical violence in their host state, either as the victims or the perpetrators of violence, individually or collectively, in all countries between 1996 and 2015. In this article, we provide an overview of the main features of the dataset, identify its limitations, and trace variation in reported levels of refugee-related violence over time and across different types of actors. We emphasize that the data may be helpful to both researchers and policymakers for more accurate understanding of the prevalence of refugee-related violence and the design of more optimal policies to mitigate it.

The Chicken or Egg Question of Adolescents’ Political Involvement

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Šerek ◽  
Hana Machackova ◽  
Petr Macek
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
The Political ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Longitudinal Effects

Abstract. Research on the political behavior of young people often approaches psychological factors such as political efficacy or interest as antecedents of political participation. This study examines whether efficacy and interest are also outcomes of participation and if this effect differs across three types of political participation. Data from a two-wave longitudinal survey of 768 Czech adolescents (aged 14–17 years at Time 1, 54% females) was used. Findings support the proposition that psychological factors are affected by participatory experiences. Cross-lagged models showed longitudinal effects from participation to changes in psychological factors, but not effects in the opposite direction. Protest participation predicted higher interest and internal political efficacy, but lower external political efficacy, volunteering predicted higher external political efficacy, and representational participation had no effects on psychological factors. Overall, our findings point out the formative role of participatory experiences in adolescence and the diverse effects of different types of political participation on political development.

Citizenry Accountability in Autocracies

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Gilli ◽  
Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Political Agency ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Failed State ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Agency Model ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Different Types

AbstractDo the citizens have a role in constraining policies in autocratic governments? Usually the political and economic literature model autocracy as if the citizens have no role in constraining leader’s behavior, but actually autocratic government are afraid of possible citizens’ revolts. In this paper we focus on contemporary China to analyze how citizens might induce an autocratic government to adopt congruent policies. Although there is no party or electoral competition, the leader fears deposition by coup d’etat of the selectorate and revolutionary threats from citizens. We build a three player political agency model to study the role of both these constraints and we show that the effectiveness of the selectorate and of revolutionary threats are crucial factors in determining the policy outcomes. In particular, we show that the citizens can effectively discipline the leader because of the revolution threat notwithstanding the selectorate size, but this may result in a failed state when the costs of revolting and the selectorate size are small. As the size of the selectorate and the costs of revolution vary dramatically across countries, our result explain why different types of autocracies arise. In particular our model and results provide a useful framework to interpret China policy in the last twenty years.

scholarly journals Armies in the Process of Political Modernization

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian W. Pye
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Critical Group ◽  
The Political ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
New States ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
The Military

Only a few years ago it was generally assumed that the future of the newly emergent states would be determined largely by the activities of their Westernized intellectuals, their socialistically inclined bureaucrats, their nationalist ruling parties, and possibly their menacing communist parties. It occurred to few students of the underdeveloped regions that the military might become the critical group in shaping the course of nation-building. Now that the military has become the key decision-making element in at least eight of the Afro-Asian countries, we are confronted with the awkward fact that there has been almost no scholarly research on the role of the military in the political development of the new states.

scholarly journals Shouldn’t, Wouldn’t, Couldn’t? Analyzing the Involvement of Oligarchs’ Philanthropy Foundations in the Ukrainian Protests of 2013-14

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-140
Author(s):  
Hanna Söderbaum
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Philanthropic Organizations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
The Impact

This article analyzes the agency of wealthy businessmen-politicians’ philanthropy foundations during the Ukrainian Maidan protests of 2013-14 in which crowdfunding and grassroots mobilization constituted key distinctive features. As the role of these philanthropy foundations remains obscure, this article aims to bridge this gap in our knowledge of Ukrainian politics and society. The protesters strived to achieve social change and democratization similar to what was being purported by wealthy businessmen-politicians’ foundations during the years leading up to the protests. However, since the protesters specified one particular aim as “de-oligarchization,” the involvement of these organizations is puzzling. What did these foundations do at this critical point? To what extent can their actions or inactions be explained by the institutional and framework constraints of the foundations, the strategies of the wealthy businessmen-politicians behind the foundations, and the lack of the foundations’ legitimacy in the eyes of the civic sector activists? The analysis covers different types of foundation and is based on semi-structured interviews involving the foundations’ representatives, think-and-do tank analysts, and Maidan activists, over the years 2011 to 2017. The findings show that the organizational entities were largely directed by their respective founders. This indicates a dependence of the philanthropic organization on the political affiliation of the founder, rather than on the framed ambition of the foundation. Similar to the impact of philanthropic organizations in other institutional contexts, the impact of philanthropy foundations on the Maidan social movement proved marginal. Since oligarchs could not be invisible during the political turmoil, they tried to retain a position from which they could deny responsibility for specific actions. The logic of commitment compensation and the logic of flexibility advanced by Markus and Charnysh proved useful for analyzing the strategies of these businessmen-politicians.

scholarly journals The societal factor of political modernization

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
E. A. Afonin ◽  
◽  
A. Yu. Martynov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
Societal Factor

The authors analyze the role of the societal (generally systematic) factor of democratization and modernization of the political system of a society, as well as the relation of these processes to the nature of the societal identity and the socio-cultural development of countries. By the examples of the socio-historical development of the USA and Spain, the universal character of threats concer-ning with the nature of the societal factor in various aspects is proved, and their actuality for Ukraine’s political modernization is considered. A forecast of the development of societal properties of Ukraine’s socium which are an important precondition of the steady development of the country is given.

scholarly journals Psychological aspects of civic protests in bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Petya Stoyanova Pachkova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Psychology ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Civic Activism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protest Activity

The article analyzes some aspects of the role of the political psychology in the sphere of civil society. Civic activism requires adequate psychological motivation and qualities of the participants and leaders of civic events. Their absence is a factor for ineffectiveness of different types of civic activities, including the protest activity.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

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