China Unincorporated: Company Law and Business Enterprise in Twentieth-Century China

1995 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Many

On April 22, 1903, the qing court ordered zai-zhen, a Manchu prince; Yuan Shikai, the most powerful Chinese Governor-General of the realm; and Dr. Wu Tingfang, the former Chinese minister to the United States, to compile a commercial code. The edict charging them with this responsibility noted that “of the many government functions, the most important is to facilitate commerce and help industries” (Li 1974a:210). On January 21, 1904, the newly created Ministry of Commerce (Shangbu) issued China's first Company Law (Gongsilü)The Company Law was the first modern law drafted by the Imperial Law Codification Commission, whose work was part of the Qing government's reformist “new policies” in the wake of China's recent humiliations at the hands of Japan and the Western powers. In giving highest priority to enacting a law governing the organization of commercial companies, the Qing government had several interlocking objectives.

Advising the Race

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-114
Author(s):  
Julie Golia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Women Readers ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
Black Newspapers ◽  
The Many

This chapter examines the advice column “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise,” which ran in the Chicago Defender, one of the most successful black newspapers in the United States. In the early twentieth century, black publishers recognized the many ways that mainstream newspapers reinforced the racial status quo in America and failed to address the needs of African American readers. They also sought to offer more feature content to women readers. “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise” was one of the country’s most widely read black advice columns. Columnist Princess Mysteria, a vaudeville mentalist, embraced the Defender’s mission of racial “uplift” and advocacy. But her counsel also reflected a unique sensitivity to the dual prejudices that her female readers faced as African Americans and as women. The columnist offered a worldview very different from that of white columnists, one that doled out assertive, even feminist advice.

In Memoriam Edward Louis Keenan Jr.

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Russell E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The United States ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Memorial Service ◽  
In Memoriam ◽  
The Many

On Friday, September 25, 2015, in Memorial Church at Harvard University, a memorial service was held to celebrate the life and career of Professor Edward L. Keenan Jr., Andrew W. Mellon Professor of History, Emeritus, who passed away on March 6, 2015. The memorial service gathered together hundreds – family members, former colleagues and students, and countless friends. The eight speakers at this memorial described Edward (Ned) Keenan’s influence on them, but also his inestimable impact on the field of Russian history; and his widow provided a window into his thinking about the many roles he played over the course of a diverse and significant career that spanned four decades. The memorial service marked a sad moment in the field of Russian studies, and the words offered at it are important for understanding how the field of Russian history in the United States grew and was transformed in the last quarter of the twentieth century.

Modern Business Enterprise as a Capital-Saving Innovation

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Field
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Inventory Turnover ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
American Economy

The introduction and diffusion of what Alfred Chandler called modern business enterprise had a profound capital-saving impact on the American economy. Given the availability of the railroad and telegraph, purchasing more managerial labor services paid off principally via increased speed of production and inventory turnover, which spread costs of holding capital over a larger volume of output. This article challenges the consensus that nineteenth- and early twentieth-century technological change in the United States was overwhelmingly labor saving and interprets the factor-saving bias of modern business enterprise as representative rather than anomalous.

From Slavery to Freedom: Abolitionist Expressions in Maskilic Sea Adventures

AJS Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wolpe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Many ◽  
American Blacks

“Black” themes held a substantial place in twentieth-century American Yiddish poetry and prose, as well as in Yiddish journalism. As Hasia Diner notes in her work on Jews and blacks in the United States in the twentieth century, Jews sympathized with the plight of American blacks and their fight for civil rights. However, this had not always been the case, as evidenced by the many staunch Jewish supporters of slavery and Jewish slave owners and traders. Jonathan Schorsch claims that “under the sign of theHaskala…little changed” in this respect. In discussing a reference by Isaac Satanov to black slavery, Schorsch notes:One cannot gauge from this brief comment whether Satanov knew about the abolitionist movements beginning to agitate in England and France at the time. Satanov's reportage was remarkably non-committal, betraying little, if any, sympathy for these developments.

Personal Recollections of James H. Cone

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Moltmann ◽  
Steffen Lösel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wolfhart Pannenberg ◽  
Common Effort ◽  
The Many ◽  
Initial Meeting

On the occasion of James H. Cone’s death in April 2018, his long-time colleague Jürgen Moltmann reflects on the many decades of their theological and personal friendship, from their initial meeting in 1970 to their last get-together in 2015. With deep personal gratitude, Moltmann speaks about the counseling role, which Cone assumed for him in the United States context for many years, and shares important moments in their common effort to develop a liberating theology for all humankind. After Moltmann’s “Personal Recollections of Wolfhart Pannenberg,” published in Theology Today 72:1 (2015): 11–14, this is another valuable testimony of twentieth-century theological history.

scholarly journals Twentieth-Century Enterprise Forms: Japan in Comparative Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESLIE HANNAH ◽  
MAKOTO KASUYA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Corporate Development ◽  
Corporate Form ◽  
Commercial Code

La Porta et al. see common law as most favorable to corporate development and economic growth, but Japanese legislators explicitly based their system on German civil law. However, Japan’s commercial code of 1899 omitted the GmbH (private company) form, which Guinnane et al. see as the jewel in the crown of Germany’s organizational menu. Neither apparent “mistake” retarded Japan’s adoption of the corporate form, because its commercial code offered flexible governance and liability options, implemented liberally. It was this liberal flexibility, not choice of legal family or hybrid corporate forms emphasized by previous writers, that drove corporatization forward in Japan and more widely. Surprisingly (given that Germany’s superficially fuller organizational menu predated Japan’s by many decades and the country was wealthier), by the 1930s Japan already had not only more corporations than Germany, but also morecommanditepartnerships (with some corporate characteristics). After the introduction of theyugen kaisha(private company) in 1940, corporate forms became nearly as widely used in Japan as in the United States, United Kingdom, or Switzerland.

Applying the Devil's Works in a Holy Cause: Working-Class Popular Culture and the Salvation Army in the United States, 1879-1900

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-223
Author(s):  
Lillian Taiz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salvation Army ◽  
Public Meeting ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sunday Evening

Forty-eight hours after they landed in New York City in 1880, a small contingent of the Salvation Army held their first public meeting at the infamous Harry Hill's Variety Theater. The enterprising Hill, alerted to the group's arrival from Britain by newspaper reports, contacted their leader, Commissioner George Scott Railton, and offered to pay the group to “do a turn” for “an hour or two on … Sunday evening.” In nineteenth-century New York City, Harry Hill's was one of the best known concert saloons, and reformers considered him “among the disreputable classes” of that city. His saloon, they said, was “nothing more than one of the many gates to hell.”

The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin E. Zimring
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
American Life ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
Or Practice

The phenomenal growth of penal confinement in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century is still a public policy mystery. Why did it happen when it happened? What explains the unprecedented magnitude of prison and jail expansion? Why are the current levels of penal confinement so very close to the all-time peak rate reached in 2007? What is the likely course of levels of penal confinement in the next generation of American life? Are there changes in government or policy that can avoid the prospect of mass incarceration as a chronic element of governance in the United States? This study is organized around four major concerns: What happened in the 33 years after 1973? Why did these extraordinary changes happen in that single generation? What is likely to happen to levels of penal confinement in the next three decades? What changes in law or practice might reduce this likely penal future?

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