Developments in the Law and Institutions of International Economic Relations

1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gold
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
Weighted Voting ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Weighted Voting System ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Voting System

[Ed. Note: Since World War II the administration of international monetary, financial, and commodity agreements has been performed by institutions operating on weighted voting principles, the weight dependent largely on the stake of various countries in the assetsdisposed of through the agreement. There is much discussion now concerning the adoption of such a system for the trade field, perhaps through amendment of the GATT, or in codesof trade liberalization among developed countries. Mr. Gold's article, relating the limitations and problems attendant upon the operation of the weighted voting system in the International Monetary Ftmd, is therefore particularly timely. Stanley D. Metzger.]

The Fall of Silver in Mexico, 1870–1910, and Its Effect on American Investments

1958 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Pletcher
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Small Wars ◽  
International Policies ◽  
International Economic Relations

Since the end of World War II Americans interested in international economic affairs have faced a painful dilemma. Almost every set of international policies advanced during this period has called for the widespread use of American capital to assist in the development of underdeveloped areas in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. The United States government has furnished much of this capital during the last decade, but private capital has borne a share of the effort in the past and may well be called upon for a larger share in the future. Unfortunately, in a period of frequent small wars, revolutions, and expropriations, American investors naturally hesitate to send their capital abroad if they can invest it profitably at home. One of the most vexing problems in modern international economic relations is that of predicting or assuring regular returns from American investments abroad.

scholarly journals Structural reforms in agricultural production and foreign food trade: the Ukrainian experience 1950-1960's

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (52) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Karolina Gorditsa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Advanced Development

The article is devoted to the problem of revealing peculiarities of mutual influence and interdependence of changes in the economic structure of Ukraine and its participation in international economic relations at different stages of historical development. The purpose of the study is to summarize the historical and economic generalization of the experience of structural transformation in domestic agriculture from 1950 to 1960 in the context of foreign trade in food. It was revealed that the political need to resume bread exports after World War II was an important reason for the beginning of the reform of Soviet crisis-hit agriculture. The main directions of reforms are identified, such as the increase of public investments in the development of agrarian industry, reduction of taxes on producers, increase in state procurement prices for agricultural products, expansion of the acreage through the development of virgin lands, sharp increase in corn output, and advanced development of animal husbandry. It was found that the reduction of administrative pressure on producers, their increased material incentives and improvement of technical support of the enterprises caused a temporary economic recovery in the agrarian sector. It is proved that the curtailment of this policy due to the lack of domestic sources of financing and the predominance of extensive forms of management led to a slowdown in the development of agriculture, an increase in its crisis phenomena and the formation of dependence on food imports. Proposals are made on possible directions of using elements of historical experience gained in contemporary economic policy of Ukraine.

Aspects of Soviet–African Economic Relations

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
African Country ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union

The last decade has witnessed a rapid development of economic relations between the Soviet Union and independent African countries. In examining certain economic and geographical aspects of this development, it should be borne in mind that Soviet–African economic relations are a quite new trend in world affairs. Before World War II the Soviet Union's foreign trade was conducted mainly with the advanced capitalist countries. Since the majority of the under-developed countries were very limited. Egypt was the only African country trading with the Soviet Union at the end of the 1920s. But Great Britain, then dominating Egypt, blocked any trade agreement between the two states. The volume of trade between them was very small, and at the beginning of World War II it ceased almost completely.

scholarly journals COVID-19 significant effect on global international economic relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Tariro Portia Tendengu ◽  
Fadzai Mahere
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Regional Organisations ◽  
Modes Of Interaction

The purpose of this paper is to reach the augment of COVID-19 effects on international economic relations. The globe has become a cohesive economic community with interdependence being fuelled by rising economies and the need to exchange technical know-how, goods and services. Globalization has turned the world into one unit with diversified limbs that work in tandem with each other, for instance the lesser the lesser developed countries need raw material to sustain their industries. Now because of the unforeseen emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, social, political and economic modes of interaction have been obstructed normally to curb the spread of the virus which has claimed lives in the hundreds of thousands to millions.This in turn has hindered in some cases  brought to a halt certain areas of the economy both internationally and nationally. Economic relations have been stunned by the introduction of COVID-19 measures like travel bans, limiting interactions between individuals and groups and limited time of operations for essential services. A desktop review analysis was used as the research methodology.  Data collection methods that were used included observations, focus group discussions and interviews. The targeted population included international, statutory and non-statutory organizations in Zimbabwe. Findings from the study concluded that closure of borders during the COVID-19 pandemic affected imports and exports of trade, COVID-19 led to the loss of labour though massive deaths and quarantine measures and the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on oil dependent counties was severe.` Recommendations from the research affirm that governments and regional organisations should reunite in the global context so as to face pandemics, policy makers should implement effective policies which address economic relations between countries and countries should better prepare for such threats like COVID-19 to economic relations and trade through enhancing technologies.

Contemporary Challenges of International Economic Relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
Vesna Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Data Value ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Dynamics

The main aim of this chapter is to analyze the contemporary challenges that have affected movements in the global trade and investments, as well as their interdependence. The focus is on the causes and consequences of the fundamental changes in international economic relations. The analysis is based on the following data: value of world trade, dynamics, and structure of exchange. Contemporary faces of the world economy such as transnationalization, intra-sector trade, increasing discourse on whether foreign trade and FDIs represent substitutes or complements, have also been an unavoidable part of this chapter. Depending on the stage of development, global changes have specific consequences on developed countries and developing economies. The chapter in its final part focuses on the analysis of how global value chains are directly affecting the growth of international trade and flows of foreign capital through the inevitable role of multinational companies.

Developments in the Law and Institutions of International Economic Relations: American Foreign Trade and Investment Policy for the 1970's: The Williams Commission Report

1972 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-559
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Economic ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Trade And Investment

On May 21, 1970, President Nixon appointed a Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy to study the principal problems faced by the United States in this field, assess present U.S. policy, and produce a set of policy recommendations for the 1970s which would take account of the changes that have taken place on the world economic scene since the end of World War II. Twenty-seven members from business, labor, agriculture, and the universities (a substantial majority from business) were appointed, under the chairmanship of Albert L. Williams, Chairman of the Finance Committee of International Business Machines. The Williams Commission rendered its report in July, 1971: “United States International Economic Policy in an Interdependent World.”

International Economic Law and the American Journal of International Law

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-782
Author(s):  
Detlev F. Vagts
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
International Economic Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Warfare

To discuss the history of international economic law since the American Journal of International Law was first published in 1907 requires the author to project categories common to the parlance of 2006 back to times when theywere unknown. So far as it appears, the term did not become current until after World War II. Its scope is controversial. According to one definition, it encompasses “the total range of norms (directly or indirectly based on treaties) of public international law with regard to transnational economic relations.” A wide variety of international law rules have been said to have a financial impact somewhere. For practical purposes, in this essay I define international economic law as the international law regulating transborder transactions in goods, services, currency, investment, and intellectual property. I exclude from the inquiry issues of private international law, as well as of economic warfare.

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