EFFECT OF MENSTRUATION ON TEAR PRODUCTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF MADONNA UNIVERSITY, ELELE CAMPUS, RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

Purpose: The menstrual cycle has been reported to influence many other physiological processes in women. This study ascertained the effect of menstruation on oculovisual status with emphasis on tear production among young female undergraduates of Madonna University, Elele Campus Rivers State Nigeria. Methodology: The study involved 103 female undergraduates with fairly regular menstrual cycle selected through convenience sampling technique. Their age ranged from 16-30 years with a mean age of 20.82 ± 3.205 years and a median age of 20 years. A well-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit oculovisual symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. Schirmer’s test strip was used to measure tear volume at pre-determined intervals of the menstrual flow period. External and internal eye examinations were also carried out using the Pen torch and ophthalmoscope respectively. Data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and results were expressed using tables and correlation of variables expressed using Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Findings: There was a significant increase (p ˂ 0.05) in tear production during the first two days of the flow and a slight decrease during the last two days. Comparison of the right and left eyes showed no statistically significant (p ˃ 0.05) difference. Variation in tear production associated with menstruation with respect to age showed statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05) differences for all age groups except for the right eye of subjects within age group 26–30 years. While 52.4% (n=54 ) of the ladies have no oculovisual complaint, the most common oculovisual complaint was headache 42.7% (n = 44) followed by blurry vision 2.91 % (n = 3) and excessive tearing 1.94% (n = 2). Contribution to Knowledge: The study revealed that physiological changes likely resulting from hormonal variation during the menstrual flow influences tear volume and may cause visual discomfort among women within the reproductive age and recommended the need for tear volume assessment and detailed case history prior to management of complaints associated with dry eye and dispensing of contact lenses for pre and post-menopausal women.

FAMILY PLANNING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN NIMULE PAYAM, SOUTH SUDAN

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine family planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) among women of reproductive age in Nimule Payam, South Sudan. Method: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and quantitative approach to explore family planning knowledge, attitude and practice among women of reproductive age in Nimule Payam. The study population consisted of 6,621 women of reproductive age in the Bomas of Anzara (1,930), Jalei(,1521), Olikwi (1,536) and Nimule Central (1,634). A sample size of 342 was determined from the population using the formulae of Leslie. Stratified simple random sampling was employed through a researcher administered structured questionnaire to collect data from the respondents. The data was cleaned, coded and analyzed using EPI-INFO version 7 to generate descriptive statistics and the results were presented in tables. Results: The study revealed that women of reproductive age in Nimule Payam had high 273 (79.82%) level of family planning knowledge, good 233 (68%) family planning practices and positive attitude towards family planning. The positive attitude towards family planning was because majority 270 (78.97%) believed family planning was safe to use, could not cause infertility 252 (73.82%), cancer 264 (76.93%) and future abortion 251 (73.36%). The respondents also generally agreed that 319 (93.07%) family planning could prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, the majority of the respondents acknowledged that the practice of family planning was against their God/Allah 268 (78.31%) and culture 229 (67.03%). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study found that women of reproductive age in Nimule Payam had a high level of family planning knowledge, a fairly positive attitude with a moderate number practicing family planning methods. Increased sensitization of the respondents and their partners on family planning is required to improve their attitude and practice. Future studies should focus on the factors influencing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of family planning methods among women of reproductive age in Nimule Payam.

COVID-19 significant effect on global international economic relations

The purpose of this paper is to reach the augment of COVID-19 effects on international economic relations. The globe has become a cohesive economic community with interdependence being fuelled by rising economies and the need to exchange technical know-how, goods and services. Globalization has turned the world into one unit with diversified limbs that work in tandem with each other, for instance the lesser the lesser developed countries need raw material to sustain their industries. Now because of the unforeseen emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, social, political and economic modes of interaction have been obstructed normally to curb the spread of the virus which has claimed lives in the hundreds of thousands to millions.This in turn has hindered in some cases brought to a halt certain areas of the economy both internationally and nationally. Economic relations have been stunned by the introduction of COVID-19 measures like travel bans, limiting interactions between individuals and groups and limited time of operations for essential services. A desktop review analysis was used as the research methodology. Data collection methods that were used included observations, focus group discussions and interviews. The targeted population included international, statutory and non-statutory organizations in Zimbabwe. Findings from the study concluded that closure of borders during the COVID-19 pandemic affected imports and exports of trade, COVID-19 led to the loss of labour though massive deaths and quarantine measures and the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on oil dependent counties was severe.` Recommendations from the research affirm that governments and regional organisations should reunite in the global context so as to face pandemics, policy makers should implement effective policies which address economic relations between countries and countries should better prepare for such threats like COVID-19 to economic relations and trade through enhancing technologies.

KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICE ABOUT ADMINISTRATION OF HIGH ALERT MEDICATION IN THE TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN LAHORE

Purpose: High alert medications are enlightened as those medicines that bear the maximum threat of causing major patient harm when administered incorrectly. Nurses are accountable for the administration of high alert medication; inappropriate administration can show a substantial clinical result and at times can be deadly for the patients. High Alert Medication is commonly used in the emergency room, intensive care unit, pediatric ward and medical ward. Because high alert medication is used in emergency situations, they bear a heightened risk of causing patient harm when used incorrectly. Some high alert medication has a narrow therapeutic index e.g., warfarin, when used improperly, rapidly causes the undesirable side effect of bleeding. Further, well-known chemotherapeutic agents, such as vincristine, require special handling, and should be administered according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. Current investigation targeted to evaluate the level of knowledge of high alert medication among nurses in tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to explore the level of knowledge and regulations of high alert medication and obstacles faced by nurses during the administration of high alert medication in tertiary care hospital. The instrument used for the data collection was adopted questioner and convenient sampling technique was used. Results: Outcome of current study deliver confirmation that nurses have deficient knowledge of high alert medication and its administration and regulation. Deficiency of knowledge was the significant obstacles that nurses faced during administration of high alert medication. Participants reported that conflicting views between nurses and doctors, were the most commonly encountered obstacles during administration of high alert medication these contribute to the possibility of Medicine Errors.

UPTAKE OF ‘FREE’ MATERNITY SERVICES AMONG WOMEN IN RONGAI SUB- COUNTY HOSPITAL, NAKURU COUNTY

Purpose: Subsidized delivery services aim to reduce both maternal and neonatal’ morbidities and mortalities. The uptake in Kenya is still low at about 51%. The objective of the study was to determine factors that influence utilization of subsidized delivery services. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was used. The study was done in Rongai Sub-County hospital, Nakuru County. The population consisted of women seeking maternity services at Rongai Sub-County Hospital. Results: About 60.8% of the respondents indicated they had knowledge while 39.2% of them indicated they did not have any knowledge on postnatal services. Conclusion: Majority of women already have knowledge on availability of free hospital care service. Women are more likely to seek services that are close to them, long distance to health facilities prevents them from seeking the services.

Knowledge Attitudes of Nurses towards the Use of Nursing Diagnosis in Clinical Practice

Purpose: Assess the knowledge and attitude towards the nurses in the clinical practices to identify the level of awareness of nurses and improve their practice to minimize and prevent the risk of complications, as well as to improve patient outcomes. Methodology: The cross sectional descriptive study design was used in the research. Target population was the staff nurses of the Govt hospital Lahore. The inclusion criteria was cardiac surgery ICU nurses in the hospital Lahore expressed the willingness of participation for this study were included after taking the consent. The sample size of the study was 100 nurses Results: The study showed variations in the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses, most of which reflected in their nursing practice their knowledge between the poor and the average. Many nurses have not been aware of the suggested practice and amounts have shown possibly of practice. The research also raised concern about all aspects of Nursing Diagnosis and highlighted the criteria for practice improvements and developed body of knowledge. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommended the need for extensive improvements in the knowledge and practice of nurses by using the nursing diagnosis in the clinical for each nurse., It is the duty of nurses to develop a body of knowledge in their field of work, to promote the growth and personal development of local practice, to recognize knowledge gaps, to pursue appropriate training and resources, and to base all practice on facts.

Assessment of Nurses Awareness Regarding Hemodialysis Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lahore, Pakistan

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of nurses regarding hemodialysis complication in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: Descriptive research design was used to conduct this study. The study was conducted at the Hemodialysis Unit at tertiary Care Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. The sample of the study consisted of 110 nurses (female) working in the hemodialysis unit, aged between 18 and 55 years has agreed to participate in this study. The self-administered questionnaire sheet was used to collect study-related data with the following sections. Part 1: ''Nurse's socio-demographic characteristics'', Part 2: "Nurses 'Awareness of Hemodialysis Practices", Part 3: "Nurses' Awareness of Hemodialysis Complications" Findings: Most of the nurses had a good level of knowledge about the complications of hemodialysis and very few of them had little knowledge. Most of the nurses were females and were aged 18-27. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Further research should be done on a larger sample of them which focuses on their practice and should make the results of their study regarding their knowledge and its reflection on their practice

Awareness, Behavior, and Practices of Nurses related to Nursing Ethics, in tertiary care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan

Purpose: The objective is to determine nurse’s knowledge about Nursing Ethics and association with behavior and practice of these nurses. Methodology: Cross-sectional Study Design. This study is conducted in different hospital settings of Lahore. a total of 150 nurses are selected by convenient sampling technique. They are taken informed consent and the data was collected including demographics and the nursing ethics. Data was analysed on SPSS version 24.0 Results: Most of the nurses working in different hospital are females and in our participants, 76% are females while 24% are males. Mostly belongs to age group of 20-30 years. Nearly 87% of the participants are single, i.e. hasn’t married yet. The more qualified nurse, more the KAP of nursing ethics in hospitals Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study results show that the nurses need to gain better insight into the legal aspects of their profession and to enhance their level of respect, particularly for nurses of lower age, with a history of employment and contractual strength.

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES ABOUT ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES AMONG NURSES OF NISHTAR HOSPITAL MULTAN

Purpose: To assess Knowledge and practices of nurses regarding endoscopic procedures and to identify associated factors towards effective endoscopy procedures Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was designed. The population for this study was 250. There was selection of the population of nurses in Nishtar Hospital Multan. The target population or sample size consists of 150 participants. The nurses were selected from the Nishtar Hospital Multan for the completion of study. Likert scale close ended questionnaire was adopted for data collection from the study participants. Results were analyzed through SPSS. Results: the nurse age, training and dealing period might have an effect on the level of nurses data relating to canal endoscopy including; general precautions, basic steps to wash and medical care in examination unit. The majority of nurses had positive attitude. While coaching and qualification can affect dealing with the patients additionally to nurses level of apply before, throughout and manual disinfecting of endoscopy. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Extensive training of staff involved in endoscope reprocessing is mandatory for quality assurance and for effective infection control and documentation of this tarring is required. The efficacy of manual cleaning and HLD operator dependent, thus assignment of personnel responsible for endoscope.

Perception of Competence in Newly Graduated Nurses' and Possible Predictors Influencing their Perception

Purpose: To assess the newly graduated nurses' own perception of competence and to identify possible predictors influencing their perceptions. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study design. The setting will be the the Lahore School of Nursing, Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore. Research took 4 months after the approval of synopsis Febrary 2021 to May 2021. One hundard and fifty nursing students of both gender male and female were included in this study.Using SPSS, data analysis was performed. Graphs and tables provided the details. Result: Total 150 participants are involved this study32.0% participants belong to 20-25 years of age group, 19.3% participants have 26-30 years of age group, 15.3% participants have 31-35 years of age group, 12.7% participants have 36-40 years of age and 20.7% participants have Above 41 year’s age. 58.0% participants were male and 42.0% female. 28.7% (n=43) participants were 1st year students, 26.7% (n=40) participants were 2nd year students, 26.0% (n=39) participants were 3th year and 18.7(n=28) participants were 4th year students. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The newly graduated nurses thought they were the best at assisting patients with coping and delivering ethical, individualized nursing treatment. They thought themselves were the least qualified to evaluate results and contribute to the advancement of nursing care. The newly trained nurses thought they were competent as nurses in particular.