Formative Period Occupations in the Highlands of Northern Ecuador: Rejoinder to Athens

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Formative Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Painted Pottery

Athens’ attack is based upon the fact that I did not cite an unpublished manuscript in my possession. In fact, the paper has little bearing upon the temporal argument. The radiocarbon dates which it contains should not be applied to the material in question. However, the paper does contain information which supports my hypothesis of contacts between the Coast and the Highlands. Such contacts help to account for the ceramic similarities between the two regions. New dates from the La Chimba site are internally inconsistent so that they cannot be used to support either point of view. However, the stratigraphic position of Espejo Phase ceramics beneath resist painted pottery is consistent with a Formative Period dating for the Espejo Phase.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Chronology of Late Neolithic Settlements in the Tisza-Maros Region, Hungary

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ede Hertelendi ◽  
Ferenc Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
European Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
Developmental Phases

We investigated chronological questions of five Late Neolithic settlements in the Hungarian Tisza-Maros region. Fifty new radiocarbon dates provide an internal chronology for the developmental phases of the tell settlements, and place them into the wider framework of the southeastern European Neolithic. An example is presented of how a unique type of stratigraphic excavation helps the interpretation of radiocarbon data, which are in contradiction with the stratigraphic position of the samples.

scholarly journals Monumentality in Western Amazonian formative societies: geometric ditched enclosures in the Brazilian state of Acre

Antiqua ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanna Saunaluoma ◽  
Denise Schaan
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
Amazonian Region ◽  
Southwestern Amazonia

In Amazonia, monumentality has traditionally been considered characteristic of the late pre-colonial densely populated complex societies. Recent archaeological fieldwork concerning the geometric earthworks in the Brazilian state of Acre has shown that the southwestern Amazonian interfluvial zone was a significant setting for long-term large landscape modifications. We describe the geometric ditched enclosure sites of Acre as early monumental public spaces reserved for ceremonial purposes, analogous to the central Andean ceremonial-civic centers of the Formative period. The geometric earthwork sites contain contiguous ditches and embankment structures of varying forms enclosing areas typically 3-10 hectares in size. Documented cultural features are sparse within the enclosed areas. Making use of satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and pedestrian surveys, 360 earthwork enclosures have been recorded in southwestern Amazonia. Our radiocarbon dates suggest that construction and use of geometric earthworks began at the latest around 1000 BC, and prevailed in the region until 1400 AD. The relatively small number of ceramics recovered from the geometric ditched enclosure sites appear to be local substyles of the same tradition, sharing certain attributes with contemporary ceramic traditions of the upper Amazonian region. This, and consistency in ceremonial earthwork architecture, indicate close cultural interaction between communities that built and used the earthwork sites, and imply probable relationships also with the central Andean area.

Radiocarbon Evidence for Initial Early Formative Period Occupation in Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy David Hepp
Keyword(s):  
Formative Period ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
Early Formative

Seven AMS radiocarbon dates (1950–1525 cal BC) from controlled contexts demonstrate Early Formative period occupation in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. These dated elements from the site of La Consentida include hearths, occupational surfaces, carbon adhering to pottery from a midden, and human bone collagen processed with XAD purification. They were excavated from primary contexts and do not represent redeposited materials. An eighth sample, dated to the Middle Formative period, is considered postoccupational. The diversity of dated deposits and features, their distribution, and their overlapping calibrated ranges indicate settlement by an initial Early Formative period village.

A note on equational theories

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1705-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Junker
Keyword(s):  
Equational Theory ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
First Order Theory ◽  
Equational Theories ◽  
Definable Sets ◽  
Image Position

Several attempts have been done to distinguish “positive” information in an arbitrary first order theory, i.e., to find a well behaved class of closed sets among the definable sets. In many cases, a definable set is said to be closed if its conjugates are sufficiently distinct from each other. Each such definition yields a class of theories, namely those where all definable sets are constructible, i.e., boolean combinations of closed sets. Here are some examples, ordered by strength:Weak normality describes a rather small class of theories which are well understood by now (see, for example, [P]). On the other hand, normalization is so weak that all theories, in a suitable context, are normalizable (see [HH]). Thus equational theories form an interesting intermediate class of theories. Little work has been done so far. The original work of Srour [S1, S2, S3] adopts a point of view that is closer to universal algebra than to stability theory. The fundamental definitions and model theoretic properties can be found in [PS], though some easy observations are missing there. Hrushovski's example of a stable non-equational theory, the first and only one so far, is described in the unfortunately unpublished manuscript [HS]. In fact, it is an expansion of the free pseudospace constructed independently by Baudisch and Pillay in [BP] as an example of a strictly 2-ample theory. Strong equationality, defined in [Hr], is also investigated in [HS].

Insights into the Earliest Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: New Evidence and Radiocarbon Dates from the Real Alto Site

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V Tabarev ◽  
Yoshitaka Kanomata ◽  
Jorge G Marcos ◽  
Alexander N Popov ◽  
Boris V Lazin
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
South American ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
American Archaeology ◽  
The Real ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
South American Archaeology ◽  
Early Formative

AbstractOne of the most intriguing questions of South American archaeology is the time, place, and origin of the earliest pottery. Since the late 1950s, the earliest pottery has been attributed to the materials of the Early Formative Valdivia culture (5600–3500 BP), coastal Ecuador. Excavations at the Real Alto site conducted in the 1970s and 1980s allowed the rejection of the spectacular “Jomon–Valdivia” hypothesis and established a local origin of the phenomenon. Recent radiocarbon dates from a joint Russian–Japanese–Ecuadorian project at Real Alto open a new page in our knowledge of the transition from pre-ceramic Las Vegas to ceramic Valdivia cultures.

scholarly journals Arizona Radiocarbon Dates III

Radiocarbon ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Damon ◽  
Austin Long
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Glass System ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Set Up

Radiocarbon-age measurements reported here were made by the carbon dioxide gas-proportional counting method since conversion of the laboratory from the solid-carbon method. Assembly of the shield and construction of the glass system was accomplished during the summer of 1959. By January 1960, shield, anticoincidence ring, counters and electronics were set up and in operation. The first year of operation was occupied with calibration, comparison of dating with other C14laboratories, and the repeating of many of the analyses previously made by the solid-carbon method. Special attention was given to dates open to question from an archaeologic point of view.

Ceramic Profiles in the Western Mound at Awatovi, Northeastern Arizona

1959 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Burgh
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Stratigraphic Analysis ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Painted Pottery ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Ceramic Studies

AbstractExcavations in the Western Mound at this prehistoric Hopi pueblo provide 13 adjacent columns of refuse in masonry rooms which yielded 21,569 painted sherds. Stratigraphic analysis of these ceramic profiles has resulted in a relative chronology of five color classes of locally made painted pottery which will serve as a control for future ceramic studies at the site. Black-onwhite, black-on-orange, and orange-paste polychrome were made from about A.r>. 1200 to 1300 when they were abruptly replaced by black-on-yellow and yellow-paste polychrome. The differences between trash deposited in rooms and that dumped in the open, the anomalies of sherd and vessel quantities, and the well documented nature of this large sherd collection make possible observations on the problems of stratigraphic interpretation. Numerical comparison of painted sherds with vessels restored from them demonstrates the hazards of interpretation based solely on limited sherd samples. The fact that one of the rooms produced a sequence exactly the reverse of the situation in the other 12 rooms emphasizes the need for more extensive testing in room blocks than in trash dumps. Restoration of vessels from sherds found at different levels in different rooms shows the inadequacy of chronological inference based on stratigraphic position of unassembled sherds.

scholarly journals «La mort: passage ou limite ?» Introductory note on the methodology of an unpublished lecture offered by André Scrima at the Saint-Joseph University in Beirut (1978)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Daniela Dumbravă
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Academic Year

The proposal for an extremely original lecture – La mort: passage or limit? – will be developed in the classroom of the Faculty of Religious Studies, in the academic year 1978, at Saint Joseph University, Beirut. This course was transcribed by students of the Department of Religious Studies in Beirut in 1978. The recent discovery of this unpublished manuscript in the Augustin Dupré La Tour S.J. archives prompts me to make its first presentation to the academic world here. The Orthodox monk, from Romanian origins, André Scrima basically suggested that the theme of death should develop into various elements of reflection related to the comparative study of religions and modern thought in comparison to the Christian faith. Therefore, if the theme of death arises in a historiographical context related to the study of the History of Religions, the history of reflection on death in Western philosophical thought also plays its interpretative part. Finally, with respect to the two perspectives a third one is instilled: the problem of death for man from the point of view of Christian anthropology. The article also aims to contextualize the conceptual diagrams with which André Scrima works in his exposition on death through two parameters: the limit of the discourse on death – frontière logique – and the limit of death for itself – frontière existentielle. The subject is divided by Scrima into two conceptual diagrams: a. en deçà – death both as a subject within a discourse, of an observed fact, and as part of a noetic, reflexive exposition and questioning within consciousness and by our consciousness; b. au-delà – death as a mystery: the non-talking of death in itself; the invention of a “grammar” of the death of the human being.

scholarly journals Chronological relationship between the fortified settlement of Kamennyi Ambar and the Kamennyi Ambar-5 cemetery in the Southern Trans-Urals: capabilities of the Bayesian statistics

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
I.V. Chechushkov ◽  
A.V. Epimakhov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Genetic Link ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Calibration Program ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Given

By means of the Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates, a comparison of chronologies of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement and the cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar-5 of the Late Bronze Age Syntashta-Petrovka period has been carried out. Both sites are situated in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat River in Kartalinsky district of Chelyab-insk Region (Russia). Comparison of the pottery assemblages of the settlement and the cemetery demonstrates their similarity, which suggests existence of a genetic link between the sites. The purpose of this work is devel-opment of a generalized chronological model of the two monuments. This is achieved by comparison of uncali-brated intervals of radiocarbon dates and calculation of chronological boundaries of the existence of the settle-ment and cemetery by means of Bayesian modeling of the calibrated dates. The method consists in that, in the beginning, the stratigraphic position of each date is determined, and then the dates suitable for the analysis are arranged in the chronological order and calibrated, while the algorithm of the OxCal 4.4 calibration program is queried for calculation of the boundaries of the given periods and their duration. Also, the paper reports complete sets of the radiocarbon dates: 61 dates have been obtained from the materials of the settlement of Kamennyi Ambar, while 19 measurements originate from the Kamennyi Ambar-5 cemetery. Correlation of the radiocarbon dates and development of the Bayesian chronological models have demonstrated contemporaneousness of the settlement and the cemetery with slightly later beginning of the activity at the latter. This observation is in agree-ment with the concept of the genetic link between the sites and, arguably, can be extended onto other pairs of fortified settlement — kurgan cemetery attributed to the Sintashta-Petrovka period. Our conclusion is also consis-tent with the concept of building the complex of monuments by a newly-arrived population, who founded a settle-ment, occupied the new territory for some time, while the first deaths occurred some time afterwards. That said, the settlement of Kamennyi Ambar existed for no longer than a century in the 1950s — 1860s BC, while the cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar-5 was used for 70–80 years within the same chronological interval.

A Formative-Period Painted Pottery Complex at Ancón, Peru

1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Matos Mendieta
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Limited Frequency ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Painted Pottery ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Grave Goods

AbstractThe well-known archaeological site at Ancon, Peru, represents the timespan from preceramic through the end of the Formative period. Recent investigations have permitted definition of five ceramic phases, of which Ancon C is of particular interest here because it marks the appearance of zoned and unzoned painted decoration. These techniques were added to the preexisting ceramic complex, characterized by limited frequency of decoration by incision. A burial equating with Ancon C contained a variety of grave goods, including a complete olla with zoned red decoration, covered with a basket and containing among other objects a wooden figurine with articulated arms. The estimated date is around 1200 B.C. These associations expand the definition of the cultural complex on the central Peruvian coast in the pre-Chavin period and raise questions about the origin and diffusion of the traits, which have also been reported from Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Mesoamerica.

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