Maguari Stork Nesting: Juvenile Growth and Behavior

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy Trent Thomas
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Brood Reduction ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Fledging Success ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Tropical South America

Abstract Although it has a wide range in tropical South America, the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) is poorly known. In an 11-yr study of its breeding biology in the llanos of Venezuela I found the mean clutch size for 3 yr to be 3.2 eggs. The young hatched asynchronously at 29-32 days and usually made their first flight at 60-72 days. Data on egg sizes, weights, and a probable dump egg are given. The weight and growth of two siblings, plumage succession, and nestling and fledgling behaviors are described. The fledging success of eggs from 55 nests, over 9 yr, was 61%. Loss of eggs (presumably from snake predation) was higher than nestling loss. Although the asynchronously hatched young in a clutch varied greatly in weight and continued this difference throughout nestling life, no case of brood reduction was found in 123 nests during the study. Nestlings were fed mainly frogs and tadpoles, fish, eels, and aquatic rats; food classes and food sizes brought by adults varied with the age of their young. Maguari Stork nestlings do not grasp with their hallux and so are confined to their nests until they can fly. I suggest that the two black plumages of nestlings, between the white hatching down and the white first basic plumage, are for crypsis of the nest-bound young.

Taxonomic revision of Neotropical Dicepolia Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2237 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES E. HAYDEN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
African Species ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Tropical South America

Dicepolia Snellen (syn. Endolophia Hampson) is revised to include thirteen species distributed in the Neotropics and Madagascar. The genus is diagnosed and differentiated from similar Neotropical Pyraloidea. The two previously described species, the type species D. roseobrunnea (Warren) (tropical South America) and D. rufitinctalis (Hampson) (Central and South America), are redescribed. Seven new species are described: D. aerealis sp. nov., D. amazonalis sp. nov., D. artoides sp. nov., D. bicolor sp. nov., D. cuiabalis sp. nov., D. vaga sp. nov. and D. venezolalis sp. nov. Four Malagasy species are transferred to Dicepolia: D. marginescriptalis (Kenrick) comb. nov., D. marionalis (Viette) comb. nov., D. munroealis (Viette) comb. nov., and D. rufeolalis (Mabille) comb. nov. Two continental African species are transferred from Endolophia to other odontiine genera: Emprepes sudanalis (Zerny) comb. nov. and Tegostoma aequifasciale (Zerny) comb. nov. D. roseobrunnea is identified as the “rosada da oiticica,” a historical seed-boring pest of Licania in northeastern Brazil; published observations of larval morphology and behavior are summarized. Habitus and genitalia of all species are illustrated, and a key to the Neotropical species is given.

Breeding Biology of the Savannah Sparrow on Kent Island

The Auk ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara L. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Passerculus Sandwichensis ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Savannah Sparrow ◽  
The Mean

Abstract I studied the breeding biology of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada from 1964 through 1968. I estimated the breeding population to be 125-135 pairs $(412-445\ \text{individuals}/{\rm km}^{2})$. The mean number of nests produced per female, including those destroyed by predators, was 2.97. Clutch size ranged from 2 to 5. The mean clutch size based on 1,142 eggs in 284 nests of known clutch size was 4.02. Not only was the four-egg clutch most numerous but a greater percentage of eggs in the four-egg clutches hatched and the mean number of young fledged per nest was also highest. The mean incubation period was 12.2 days, the mean duration of nestling life was 9 days, and the approximate length of the breeding season as 52 days. The daily mortality rate of eggs was 11.9% and of nestlings 2.1%. Predation was the major factor affecting reproductive success; 50.5% of all nests located were destroyed by predators. The main nest predators were Common Crows and Herring Gulls. Of the nests destroyed by predators, 87.8% contained eggs rather than nestlings. The intense predation necessitated high nest replacement. The mean interval between the termination of one nest and the appearance of the first egg in the succeeding nest was 6.3 days. If successive nests are destroyed on the day incubation begins, it is hypothetically possible for a pair to produce four nests during a single breeding season; many birds in the population produce at least three. Although enough time was available for birds to fledge two broods in a season, few of them fledged more than one. Thus, the nesting success was low (success from egg to hatching 18.1%). High nest replacement compensated for high egg mortality, and an average of 2.16 young per pair were fledged per season.

Hatching asynchrony and food stress in Ring-billed Gulls: an experimental study

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy N Hébert ◽  
Raymond McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Hatching Asynchrony ◽  
Brood Reduction ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Fledging Success ◽  
Clutch Initiation ◽  
The Mean

We examined predictions derived from three hypotheses (hurry-up, peak-load reduction, and brood reduction) regarding the adaptive significance of hatching asynchrony. The study was conducted, in 1991 and 1992, in a colony of Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) on l'île de la Couvée, Montréal, Québec, Canada. The hypotheses were examined by comparing the mass and size of 18- to 20-day-old chicks from broods that hatched asynchronously (unmanipulated) and synchronously (manipulated). We also compared feeding rates and fledging success between asynchronous and synchronous broods. Also, in 1992, a sample of asynchronous and synchronous broods was experimentally food stressed by providing them with an additional chick when the oldest resident chick was 4 or 5 days old. Consistent with the hurry-up hypothesis, hatch spreads were significantly shorter in 1991 when the mean clutch initiation date was significantly earlier compared with 1992. Also consistent with the hypothesis, hatch spreads increased significantly through the breeding season. In agreement with the peak-load-reduction hypothesis, feeding rates were significantly lower in asynchronous broods compared with synchronous broods. Contrary to the hypothesis, however, the feeding rate was similar for food-stressed asynchronous and food-stressed synchronous broods. As predicted by the brood-reduction hypothesis, survivorship was higher for first-hatched chicks in asynchronous broods compared with chicks in synchronous broods. Total brood loss as a result of starvation tended to occur less often in asynchronous broods compared with synchronous broods. Likewise, fledging success was higher in asynchronous broods compared with synchronous broods. However, contrary to the brood-reduction hypothesis, survival rate of first-hatched chicks, total brood loss, and fledging success were similar in food-stressed asynchronous and synchronous broods. The above results indicate that several benefits accure to Ring-billed Gulls from hatching asynchrony.

scholarly journals The breeding biology of the Coal Tit Periparus ater in South Central Sweden

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3–4) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Karl Gustav Schölin ◽  
Hans Källander
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Fledging Success ◽  
South Central ◽  
Coal Tit ◽  
Mean Size

In a nestbox study started in 1948 and still ongoing, the number of breeding Coal Tits Periparus ater was always low. Here we present data on time of egg laying and its advancement during the last three decades, clutch size, fledging success and proportion of second broods. Laying dates varied between 18 April and 10 May, with an overall mean of 5 May, and advanced by 0.36 days per year during the second half of the study. Mean clutch size was 8.55 (first clutches). A mean of 7.25 young fledged (all first broods) or 7.78 (failed first broods excluded). Second broods (12.6%) were often not checked but seven clutches had a mean size of 7.23 eggs and fledged 6.71 young.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of a relictual Maghreb Magpie (Pica mauritanica) population in Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymen Nefla ◽  
Ridha Ouni ◽  
Slaheddine Selmi ◽  
Saïd Nouira
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Fledging Success ◽  
Relic Population

Abstract Background The Maghreb Magpie (Pica mauritanica) is an endemic North African species. Available knowledge on this species is limited to historic descriptive data with no ecological information provided. Populations continue to dramatically decline in Tunisia, where only one relic population survives. Investigating the breeding biology of this species is essential for conservation purposes. The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of the Tunisian relic population and provide detailed data on breeding biology over two breeding seasons (2017 and 2018). Methods This study occurred on a private farm of 650 ha, located 10 km from Dhorbania village at Kairouan Governorate, in central Tunisia. Active nests were monitored weekly during egg laying period and twice a week during hatching period. The Ivlev’s electivity index was used to assess whether the frequency of use of nesting trees and bushes matched their availability in the study area. We recorded nest measurements and positions, and compared them using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Variations of breeding parameters as number of eggs laid, hatchlings, and fledglings over years were performed using Mann–Whitney U-test and χ2 tests. We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) to investigate how egg volume varied with clutch size and laying date. Results We investigated clutch size, egg size, hatching and fledging success, and evaluated how these parameters varied according to laying date and nest characteristics. Clutch size averaged 5.00 ± 0.19 but was significantly greater in 2017. Hatching success was 2.78 ± 0.34 eggs hatched per nest and fledging success reached 1.69 ± 0.30 young/nest. Causes of nest failure included the depredation of nestlings by shrikes, cobras and rats (e.g. Lanius meridionalis, Naja haje and Rattus rattus), death of parents by the Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) and nest parasitism by the Great Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius). Clutch size, brood size and fledgling success were unaffected by laying date, nest volume and nest elevation. Egg volume decreased with laying date but was unaffected by clutch. Conclusion Our study provides the first and only detailed data on reproductive parameters of the Maghreb Magpie in its entire geographic range (North Africa). Information gleaned from this study provides valuable information for monitoring and long-term conservation plans of the endangered Tunisian Magpie population. Additionally, our data provide an avenue of large-scale comparative studies of the reproductive ecology of the magpie complex.

ECOLOGY AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF CHESTNUT-TAILED STARLING, STURNUS MALABARICUS (GMELIN 1789)

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Jaman ◽  
N. Sahreen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
The Mean

Studies on the ecology and breeding biology of Chestnut-tailed Starling, Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin) were carried out from June 1997 to July 1998 in Dhaka and Nilphamari districts. This bird mainly found in parties and small flocks on the upper canopy and leaf of the trees to feed on insects. Breeding season of this bird started from the early February and ended to last July. A total of 30 nests were studied those were found in 5 species of trees and in the ventilation of buildings in five study areas. The peak nesting period was in March. Both sexes took part in nest building, egg incubation, brooding and feeding of nestlings. The mean clutch size was 3 ± 0.63 eggs. Out of 30 eggs belonged to 10 nests, 20 (66.67%) were hatched and the rest 10 (33.33%) were lost and infertile. The mean incubation period was 17 ± 1.3 days. Brood size varied from 1-3 nestlings. Out of 20 nestlings hatched, 10 (50%) were fledged successfully. The breeding success was 33.33% in relation to the number of eggs laid and 50% in relation to the nestlings hatched. The fledging period varied from 19 to 21 days. Key words: Ecology, breeding biology, Chestnut-tailed Starling, Sturnus malabaricus. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

Diversity and Integration in Private International Law

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Law ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Substantive Law

This book opens a cross-regional dialogue and shifts the Eurocentric discussion on diversity and integration to a more inclusive engagement with South America in private international law issues. It promotes a contemporary vision of private international law as a discipline enabling legal interconnectivity, with the potential to transcend its disciplinary boundaries to further promote the reality of cross-border integration, with its focus on the ever-increasing cross-border mobility of individuals. Private international law embraces legal diversity and pluralism. Different legal traditions continue to meet, interact and integrate in different forms, at the national, regional and international levels. Different systems of substantive law couple with divergent systems of private international law (designed to accommodate the former in cross-border situations). This complex legal landscape impacts individuals and families in cross-border scenarios, and international commerce broadly conceived. Private international law methodologies and techniques offer means for the coordination of this constellation of legal orders and value systems in cross-border situations. Bringing together world-renowned academics and experienced private international lawyers from a wide range of jurisdictions in Europe and South America, this edited collection focuses on the connective capabilities of private international law in bridging and balancing legal diversity as a corollary for the development of integration. The book provides in-depth analysis of the role of private international law in dealing with legal diversity across a diverse range of topics and jurisdictions.

A Comparison of Physiological Demand between Self-Propelled and Motorized Treadmill Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Todd Backes ◽  
Charlene Takacs
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mixing Chamber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Computer Controlled

There are a wide range of options for individuals to choose from in order to engage in aerobic exercise; from outdoor running to computer controlled and self-propelled treadmills. Recently, self-propelled treadmills have increased in popularity and provide an alternative to a motorized treadmill. Twenty subjects (10 men, 10 women) ranging in age from 19-23 with a mean of 20.4 ± 0.8 SD were participants in this study. The subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions. The purpose of the first visit was to familiarize the subject with the self-propelled treadmill (Woodway Curve 3.0). The second visit, subjects were instructed to run on the self-propelled treadmill for 3km at a self-determined pace. Speed data were collected directly from the self-propelled treadmill. The third visit used speed data collected during the self-propelled treadmill run to create an identically paced 3km run for the subjects to perform on a motorized treadmill (COSMED T150). During both the second and third visit, oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) data were collected with COSMED’s Quark cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) metabolic mixing chamber system. The VO2 mean value for the self-propelled treadmill (44.90 ± 1.65 SE ml/kg/min) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (34.38 ± 1.39 SE ml/kg/min). The mean R value for the self-propelled treadmill (0.91 ± 0.01 SE) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (0.86 ± 0.01 SE). Our study demonstrated that a 3km run on a self-propelled treadmill does elicit a greater physiological response than a 3km run at on a standard motorized treadmill. Self-propelled treadmills provide a mode of exercise that offers increased training loads and should be considered as an alternative to motorized treadmills.

The way of value of Correlation of genomic DNA microsatellite loci and live weight of Chukchi reindeer

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V. Dodokhov ◽  
N. Pavlova ◽  
T. Rumyantseva ◽  
L. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dna Microsatellite

The article presents the genetic characteristic of the Chukchi reindeer breed. The object of the study was of the Chukchi reindeer. In recent years, the number of reindeer of the Chukchi breed has declined sharply. Reduced reindeer numbers could lead to biodiversity loss. The Chukchi breed of deer has good meat qualities, has high germination viability and is adapted in adverse tundra conditions of Yakutia. Herding of the Chukchi breed of deer in Yakutia are engaged only in the Nizhnekolymsky district. There are four generic communities and the largest of which is the agricultural production cooperative of nomadic tribal community «Turvaurgin», which was chosen to assess the genetic processes of breed using microsatellite markers: Rt6, BMS1788, Rt 30, Rt1, Rt9, FCB193, Rt7, BMS745, C 143, Rt24, OheQ, C217, C32, NVHRT16, T40, C276. It was found that microsatellite markers have a wide range of alleles and generally have a high informative value for identifying of genetic differences between animals and groups of animal. The number of identified alleles is one of the indicators of the genetic diversity of the population. The total number of detected alleles was 127. The Chukchi breed of deer is characterized by a high level of heterozygosity, and the random crossing system prevails over inbreeding in the population. On average, there were 7.9 alleles (Na) per locus, and the mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was 4.1. The index of fixation averaged 0.001. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.217 to 0.946, with an average of 0.695.

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