V.—The Relation of the Seventeenth Century Character to the Periodical Essay

PMLA ◽  
1904 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-114
Author(s):  
Edward Chauncey Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
Periodical Essay ◽  
The Individual

To say that the seventeenth century Character holds an important place in the development of prose fiction is a commonplace of criticism. That it was through the periodical essay of the eighteenth century that it influenced the development of fiction is equally well known. But the Character of the periodical essay, written by men more interested in the individual than in the type, was quite different from the old formal Character of the beginning of the seventeenth century. Through what changes it passed in the course of its development; and why it was through the periodical essay, rather than in its own proper form, that it came to exert the influence it did, are two questions which I shall attempt to answer.

XV.—The Relation of the English “Character” to Its Greek Prototype.

PMLA ◽  
1903 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-423
Author(s):  
Edward Chauncey Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
Periodical Essay

The writing of “Characters” was at the same time one of the most prolific and the most significant phases of literary activity in the seventeenth century. Though many of these books of “Characters” have been forgotten, the titles of over one hundred and fifty are still remembered—enough certainly to show how popular the fashion of such writing was. Furthermore, its significance becomes apparent when we consider what prose fiction owes to it; for, through the periodical essay of the eighteenth century, the old formal “Character” passed into the novel and become a part of it.

Joseph Hall and Neo-Stoicism

PMLA ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Chew
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Rule Of Life ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Thomas Browne ◽  
The Universe

During his own lifetime Bishop Joseph Hall was nicknamed “our spiritual Seneca” by Henry Wotton and later called “our English Seneca” by Thomas Fuller; as a result it has recently become fashionable to associate him with seventeenth-century English Neo-Stoicism. A seventeenth-century Neo-Stoic is of interest presumably because he points in the direction of eighteenth-century Neo-Stoicism, away from a revealed religion toward a natural religion, away from faith toward reason. In a recent article Philip A. Smith calls Hall “the leading Neo-Stoic of the seventeenth century” and says that he enthusiastically preached the “Neo-Stoic brand of theology” to which Sir Thomas Browne objected. This theology maintained that “to follow ‘right reason’ was to follow nature, which was the same thing as following God.” Smith goes on to say that “what most attracted seventeenth-century Christian humanists like Bishop Hall was the fact that Stoicism attempted to frame a theory of the universe and of the individual man which would approximate a rule of life in conformity with an ‘immanent cosmic reason‘”—though in the same paragraph he also mentions the point “that Neo-Stoic divines of the seventeenth century were interested in Stoicism almost exclusively from the ethical point of view.” He cites Lipsius to show how a Christian might reach an approximation between the Stoic Fate and Christian Providence, leaving the reader to assume that Hall might also have made this approximation. He says that “the natural light of reason, as expounded by the Stoic philosophers, became, for seventeenth-century Neo-Stoics, the accepted guide to conduct” and that “religious and moral writers endeavored to trace a relationship between moral and natural law which in effect resulted in the practical code of ethical behavior commonly associated with Neo-Stoicism.”

Jewish Popular Spirituality in the Eighteenth Century

2002 ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Gershon David Hundert
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Individual

This chapter shows how, during the period beginning in the latter part of the seventeenth century, works that popularized kabbalistic ideas in homiletic and ethical treatises and in regimens of daily life appeared in substantial numbers. This reflected the significant increase in interest in popular kabbalistic teachings at precisely this time. This increased interest generated a growing market for the large number of books of conduct and other works informed by kabbalistic teachings that were published in these years. And the literature itself served to stimulate further interest in popular kabbalah. Many of the publications in question were essentially inexpensive pamphlets written in accessible language and guiding the reader through prayer services and rituals associated with the life cycle. All these were imbued with mystical significance. In this way the individual could feel privy to the esoteric realm and attain the conviction that they were indeed acting in accordance with God’s will. Moreover, the spread of this popular literature created a constituency for the emerging kabbalistic elite.

scholarly journals Crown, Nobility and Industry in Eighteenth-Century Spain

1966 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Manual Labor ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Industrial Context

In eighteenth-century Spain the encouragement of commerce and industry occupied an important place in the plans of the Bourbons for reviving national strength after the great crisis of the seventeenth century. Successive royal administrations resorted to a formidable array of measures designed to stimulate economic development. Government policy was directed primarily to furnishing commerce and industry with material assistance: subsidies, tax exemptions, protective tariffs, etc. The crown was also concerned, however, with the deleterious effects upon economic progress of an apparently pervasive and tenacious system of values which looked upon manual labor in an industrial context and economic enterprise in general as dishonorable for noble and commoner alike.

The Continental Influence on the Eighteenth-Century Novel

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter L. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Don Quixote ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sentimental Novel ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
English Novel ◽  
British Novelists

The eighteenth-century English novel was influenced by earlier prose fiction from the Continent; the English improved what others had invented. Individual novels from the Continent were imitated by British novelists; particular genres first developed abroad were adapted by them as well. Spanish novels like Don Quixote and the picaresque preceded and influenced novels of Defoe, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne. Seventeenth-century French romances influenced novels of amorous intrigue by Behn, Manley, and Haywood. These in turn provoked the novel of women’s virtuous resistance created by Richardson. Earlier prose fiction from the Continent was translated into English and widely read throughout the eighteenth century. The transnational traffic in fiction flowed in the other direction as well. Rousseau’s enthusiastic embrace of Richardson popularized the transnational genre of the sentimental novel. From the 1770s onwards German fiction became influential in England, and German-derived tales of terror came to dominate the popular British market.

scholarly journals Introduction: The Culture of Jesuit Erudition in an Age of Enlightenment

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-415
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Burson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
French Enlightenment ◽  
Catholic Enlightenment ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Although works on religious, specifically Catholic, and more specifically Jansenist, contributions to the Enlightenment abound, the contributions of the Jesuits to the Enlightenment have remained relatively unexplored since Robert R. Palmer initially identified affinities between Jesuit thought and the emergence of the French Enlightenment as long ago as 1939. Accordingly, this introduction and the essays contained within the pages of this special issue revisit and further explore ways in which the individual Jesuits contributed to broader patterns of European intellectual and cultural history during the age of Enlightenment. Taken together, the contributions to this special issue investigate different aspects of an important question: to what extent were some Jesuits (at time, despite themselves, and at times, even against the grain of the order’s official positions) unlikely contributors to the Enlightenment? This question of whether one might speak of a specifically Jesuit Enlightenment is complicated by the still unsatisfactory scholarly consensus regarding the definition of the Enlightenment. But, growing scholarly attention to the nature of Catholic Enlightenment, and to the continuities linking eighteenth-century preoccupations to the controversies of the seventeenth century have further underscored the need for greater attention to Jesuit contributions to the Enlightenment itself. In this introduction, rather than considering the Enlightenment as a series of transformative and largely eighteenth-century debates rooted in the middle or late seventeenth century, I suggest that Jesuit engagement with the Enlightenment is best understood if the Enlightenment is more firmly anchored somewhat earlier in the culture of late Humanism—a culture that was first weaponized then chastened within the crucible of the European Reformations.

Retóricas paratextuales académicas entre dos siglos. El entorno zaragozano

2017 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Elena Cano Turrión
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Editorial Process ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
The Individual

RESUMENEl presente trabajo pretende poner de manifiesto los cambios de las retóricas paratextuales en el Bajo Barroco que, a su vez, desvelan el cambio en la poesía y en la concepción de esta por parte de los mismos poetas y de los responsables del proceso editorial. Con este fin se analizan aprobaciones, prólogos y dedicatorias de obras poéticas impresas. El estudio se centra en la actividad poética de las academias y los volúmenes poéticos individuales de los académicos, con especial interés en el entorno zaragozano desde mediados del siglo XVIII. Será en este periodo del nacimiento de la Poesía del Bajo Barroco, habitualmente tachada de prosaica e impropia, cuando veamos desplazarse la atención de los autores de los paratextos desde el autor del libro examinando hacia sí mismos llegando, en algunos casos, a reclamar para ellos la misma estima que para el autor de la obra que elogian o censuran.PALABRAS CLAVEAcademias, Bajo Barroco, paratextos, aprobaciones, prólogos, dedicatorias, jocoserio, Zaragoza. ABSTRACTThis paper aims to highlight the changes in the paratextual rhetoric during the Lower Baroque period, which, at the same time, reveal the change in poetry and in its conception by the poets themselves and those in charge of the editorial process. To this end, approvals, prologues and dedications of printed poetic works will be analyzed. This study focuses on the poetic activity of academies and the individual poetic volumes of its poets, with particular interest in the Zaragoza’s literary field from mid-Seventeenth Century to the early decades of the Eighteenth Century. It will be at this period of the birth of Low Baroque’s poetry, usually labelled as prosaic an inappropriate, when we’ll see how the attention of the authors of the paratexts, will be addressed to themselves, arriving in some cases to claim for themselves same status as for the author of the work who they praise or blame.KEYWORDSAcademies, Low Baroque, paratexts, approvals, prefaces, dedications, jocoserio, Zaragoza

scholarly journals Ruthenian Devotional Songs As Collectors’ Items?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Dieter Stern
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Perceptual Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private Devotion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Profiles

At the turn of the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, syllabic devotional songs in Ruthenian (RDS) make their first appearance as occasional appendices or notes in the margins of manuscripts serving quite divergent functions (triodia, evangelia and the like). The first systematic collections of RDS were compiled abroad by Ruthenian monks having left Ukraine for monasteries around Moscow from the 1660s onwards. It required several more decades, till the beginning of the eighteenth century, before these songs were also being systematically collected in song manuscripts throughout the Ruthenian lands themselves. The article argues against established views to the effect that this documentary gap was due to a massive loss of seventeenth-century Ruthenian song manuscripts. It should rather be taken at face value as an indication that some perceptual change with respect to devotional songs is likely to have taken place among Ruthenian literate classes at the beginning of the eighteenth century. It is argued that the rise of Ruthenian song manuscripts marks the beginning of a collecting culture, which treats devotional songs as a cherished and coveted collectable, where heretofore no particular value seems to have been accorded to these songs. The article explores the social profiles of song collectors and the individual makeup of song collections to offer a hypothetical outline of this emerging collecting culture, addressing issues of modes of exchange, methods of collecting and compiling, the specific relationship between collector and collectable, with a view to arguing for a highly individualized and intimate culture between private devotion and incipient object-oriented consumerism.

La pseudo-traduction sous la plume de Mme Riccoboni, stratégie de légitimation d'un discours critique des pratiques de la sociabilité française

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Isabelle Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
French Enlightenment ◽  
Critical Account

(English): The Anglophilia which marks much of French Enlightenment prose fiction also points to a transformation of the representation of sociability. Through pseudo-translation and the use of the ‘English story’, Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni gives a critical account of the rules and the codes that regulate French social order in the second half of the eighteenth century. The depiction of a free and tolerant society in the novels Lettres de Fanni Butlerd (1757) and Lettres de mylord Rivers (1777) attests to a questioning of French sociability and of women's place and roles. How are social practices redefined and what ideological meanings are associated to them in Mme Riccoboni's writings and use of pseudo-translation?

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