Beowulf: A Study In Dilatation

PMLA ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 70 (4-Part-1) ◽  
pp. 825-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Poetry ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
The Impact

When the author of Beowulf undertook to create in English a secular narrative poem of epic amplitude, he set himself to a task for which there was no precedent in the native tradition. In the Germanic past, narrative poetry had been confined to the heroic lay. This was a short poem, not exceeding some two hundred long-lines. It held to a single action, the sequence of which it presented with abrupt economy. Preoccupied with the scenic and the climactic, it had little leisure for any element which might retard the pace or attenuate the impact. To this tradition, the digressive, the repetitious, and the dilatory were alien. Only in style was the static indulged, in variation, in the ornamental and the vicarious epithet, and here only with restraint.

Acute anal stretch inhibits NMDA-dependent pelvic-urethra reflex potentiation via spinal GABAergic inhibition in anesthetized rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (4) ◽  
pp. F923-F931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Lang Chen ◽  
Yu-Hui Huang ◽  
Yu-Lin Kao ◽  
Gin-Den Chen ◽  
Chen-Li Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anal Stretch ◽  
The Impact

The impact of acute anal stretch on the pelvic-urethra reflex potentiation was examined in urethane-anesthetized rats by recording the external urethra sphincter electromyogram activity evoked by the pelvic afferent stimulation. Test stimulation (1 stimulation/30 s) evoked a baseline reflex activity with a single action potential that was abolished by gallamine (5 mg/kg iv). On the other hand, the repetitive stimulation (1 stimulation/1 s) induced spinal reflex potentiation (SRP) that was attenuated by intrathecal 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,4-dione (a glutamatergic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionat receptor antagonist, 100 μM, 10 μl) and d-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate [a glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, 100 μM, 10 μl]. Acute anal stretch using a mosquito clamp with a distance of 4 mm exhibited no effect, whereas distances of 8 mm attenuated and 12 mm abolished the repetitive stimulation-induced SRP. Intrathecal NMDA (100 μM, 10 μl) reversed the abolition on SRP caused by anal stretch. On the other hand, pretreated bicuculline [γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor antagonist, 100 μM, 10 μl] but not hydroxysaclofen (GABAB receptor antagonist) counteracted the abolition on the repetitive stimulation-induced SRP caused by the anal stretch. All of the results suggested that anal stretch may be used as an adjunct to assist voiding dysfunction in patients with overactive urethra sphincter and that GABAergic neurotransmission is important in the neural mechanisms underlying external urethra sphincter activity inhibited by anal stretch.

scholarly journals Affordances of form in stanzaic narrative poetry

Literator ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. McHale
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Faerie Queene ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
Narrative Poetry ◽  
Poetic Text ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
The Faerie Queene

This article develops the notion that poetry is crucially distinguished from other forms of verbal art by its foregrounding of segmentivity, the spacing of language. If a measure is regarded as the smallest unit of resistance to meaning, measure determines where gaps open up in a poetic text. Poetry is, however, not only measured, but typically countermeasured and narrative in poetry can also be countermeasured against the segmentation that is specific to narrative. The present article investigates segmentivity in one particular type of narrative poem, namely poems in discontinuous stanzaic forms. The concept of affordances (referring to different potentials for use) is applied to the stanzaic form in Edmund Spenser’s “The faerie queene” (1590; 1596) and to the “ottava rima” stanza, as exemplified by Kenneth Koch’s postmodernist narrative poem, “Seasons on earth” (1960; 1977; 1987).

scholarly journals Values, Bias, and Stressors Affect Intentions to Adapt to Coastal Flood Risk: A Case Study from New York City

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya K. Buchanan ◽  
Michael Oppenheimer ◽  
Adam Parris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

Abstract Sea level rise amplifies flooding from tides and storms for coastal communities around the globe. Although the characterization of these physical hazards has improved, it is people’s behavior that will ultimately determine the impact on communities. This study adds to our understanding of how people may respond to various adaptation options and policies, using a household survey in New York City, New York, neighborhoods affected by Hurricane Sandy. We investigate previously overlooked factors that may influence intended household adaptive behavior, such as single-action bias, a cognitive trade-off that households make between adaptation options, whereby taking a small (and often less effective measure) may strongly discourage uptake of a more protective measure. Through a novel application of discrete choice experiments in the coastal adaptation context, we simulate plausible future conditions to assess potential adaptation under climatic and nonclimatic stressors. Our findings suggest that single-action bias plays a substantial role in intended coastal adaptation, whereby the odds of homeowners who have already implemented a modest-cost measure to insure and relocate in the future are 66% and 80% lower, respectively. The odds of homeowners to relocate are also ~1.9, ~2.2, and ~3.1 times as great if their peers relocate, nuisance flooding becomes a frequent occurrence, and property values fall substantially, respectively. We find that renters’ motivation to relocate is largely driven more by external issues such as crime, gentrification, and economic security than by flood hazard.

scholarly journals Contemporary Approaches to Live Computer Music: The Evolution of the Performer Composer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Owen Skipper Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Online Communities ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Computer Music ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Networked Music ◽  
The Impact

<p>This thesis examines contemporary approaches to live computer music, and the impact they have on the evolution of the composer performer. How do online resources and communities impact the design and creation of new musical interfaces used for live computer music? Can we use machine learning to augment and extend the expressive potential of a single live musician? How can these tools be integrated into ensembles of computer musicians? Given these tools, can we understand the computer musician within the traditional context of acoustic instrumentalists, or do we require new concepts and taxonomies? Lastly, how do audiences perceive and understand these new technologies, and what does this mean for the connection between musician and audience?  The focus of the research presented in this dissertation examines the application of current computing technology towards furthering the field of live computer music. This field is diverse and rich, with individual live computer musicians developing custom instruments and unique modes of performance. This diversity leads to the development of new models of performance, and the evolution of established approaches to live instrumental music.  This research was conducted in several parts. The first section examines how online communities are iteratively developing interfaces for computer music. Several case studies are presented as examples of how online communities are helping to drive new developments in musical interface design.  This thesis also presents research into designing real-time interactive systems capable of creating a virtual model of an existing performer, that then allows the model’s output to be contextualized by a second performer’s live input. These systems allow for a solo live musician’s single action to be multiplied into many different, but contextually dependent, actions.  Additionally, this thesis looks at contemporary approaches to local networked ensembles, the concept of shared social instruments, and the ways in which the previously described research can be used in these ensembles.  The primary contributions of these efforts include (1) the development of several new open-source interfaces for live computer music, and the examination of the effect that online communities have on the evolution of musical interfaces; (2) the development of a novel approach to search based interactive musical agents; (3) examining how networked music ensembles can provided new forms of shared social instruments.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature Acclimation on a Central Neural Circuit and Its Behavioral Output

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 2997-3008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M. Szabo ◽  
Ted Brookings ◽  
Thomas Preuss ◽  
Donald S. Faber
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Escape Probability ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Behavioral Responsiveness ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we address the impact of temperature acclimation on neuronal properties in the Mauthner (M-) system, a brain stem network that initiates the startle-escape behavior in goldfish. The M-cell can be studied at cellular and behavioral levels, since it is uniquely identifiable physiologically within the intact vertebrate brain, and a single action potential in this neuron determines not only whether a startle response will occur but also the direction of the escape. Using animals acclimated to 15°C as a control, 25°C-acclimated fish showed a significant increase in escape probability and a decrease in the ability to discriminate escape directionality. Intracellular recordings demonstrated that M-cells in this population possessed decreased input resistance and reduced strength and duration of inhibitory inputs. In contrast, fish acclimated to 5°C were behaviorally similar to 15°C fish and had increased input resistance, increased strength of inhibitory transmission, and reduced excitatory transmission. We show here that alterations in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the M-cell circuit underlie differences in behavioral responsiveness in acclimated populations. Specifically, during warm acclimation, synaptic inputs are weighted on the side of excitation and fish demonstrate hyperexcitability and reduced left–right discrimination during rapid escapes. In contrast, cold acclimation results in transmission weighted on the side of inhibition and these fish are less excitable and show improved directional discrimination.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Mechanism of the Combined Action of Cavitation Erosion and Abrasion at High Speed Flow

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Wang ◽  
Y. A. Hu ◽  
Z. H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
High Speed Flow ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA new experimental method on simulating the combined action of cavitation erosion and abrasion was proposed to investigate the erosion mechanism of overflow structure induced by the said processes. An automatic sand mixing device was invented for high-pressure and high-speed flow based on the characteristics of Venturi cavitation generator and hydraulic Bernoulli principle. The experimental system for the combined action of cavitation erosion and abrasion was designed and constructed, and high-speed sand mixing flow only appeared in the test section. A series of tests on the combined and single action of cavitation erosion and abrasion on hydraulic concrete and cement was carried out by using the invented experimental device. Results show that the wear of concrete surface exhibited the combined characteristics of cavitation erosion and abrasion under their joint action. The damage degree of concrete surface under the combined action was more severe than that under a single action. The mass loss of concrete under the combined action was higher than sum of mass losses of concrete under two single actions. The promotion and enhancement between cavitation erosion and abrasion existed in high-speed sand mixing flow. A power exponential relationship was observed between erosion mass loss and flow speed, and the velocity indexes approximated 4.5. Small and light sand particles easily follow water flow. Thus, the strong coupling effect of cavitation erosion and abrasion resulted from the presence of small sand particles. Given the different mechanisms of cavitation erosion and abrasion, presenting the skeleton structure formed by cavitation erosion was notably difficult under the action of abrasion. Meanwhile, abrasion wear easily occurred under the impact of cavitation erosion, and this result is due to the mechanism of the combined action of both processes.

scholarly journals Contemporary Approaches to Live Computer Music: The Evolution of the Performer Composer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Owen Skipper Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Online Communities ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Computer Music ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Networked Music ◽  
The Impact

<p>This thesis examines contemporary approaches to live computer music, and the impact they have on the evolution of the composer performer. How do online resources and communities impact the design and creation of new musical interfaces used for live computer music? Can we use machine learning to augment and extend the expressive potential of a single live musician? How can these tools be integrated into ensembles of computer musicians? Given these tools, can we understand the computer musician within the traditional context of acoustic instrumentalists, or do we require new concepts and taxonomies? Lastly, how do audiences perceive and understand these new technologies, and what does this mean for the connection between musician and audience?  The focus of the research presented in this dissertation examines the application of current computing technology towards furthering the field of live computer music. This field is diverse and rich, with individual live computer musicians developing custom instruments and unique modes of performance. This diversity leads to the development of new models of performance, and the evolution of established approaches to live instrumental music.  This research was conducted in several parts. The first section examines how online communities are iteratively developing interfaces for computer music. Several case studies are presented as examples of how online communities are helping to drive new developments in musical interface design.  This thesis also presents research into designing real-time interactive systems capable of creating a virtual model of an existing performer, that then allows the model’s output to be contextualized by a second performer’s live input. These systems allow for a solo live musician’s single action to be multiplied into many different, but contextually dependent, actions.  Additionally, this thesis looks at contemporary approaches to local networked ensembles, the concept of shared social instruments, and the ways in which the previously described research can be used in these ensembles.  The primary contributions of these efforts include (1) the development of several new open-source interfaces for live computer music, and the examination of the effect that online communities have on the evolution of musical interfaces; (2) the development of a novel approach to search based interactive musical agents; (3) examining how networked music ensembles can provided new forms of shared social instruments.</p>

Going Beyond the Lyrical: A.E. Stallings’s Engagement with Don Juan

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Gregory Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Lord Byron ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
Lost And Found ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
The Impact

A.E. Stallings has long shown an interest in the poetry of Lord Byron. When invited to contribute to A Modern Don Juan (edited by Andy Croft and N.S. Thompson, 2014) she accepted with alacrity; the experiment in writing ottava rima proved extremely fruitful, not only providing her with a new metrical technique but also expanding her sense of what it was possible to treat in verse. This article examines the canto she contributed to Croft and Thompson’s 2014 volume and also another narrative poem in ottava rima, ‘Lost and Found’, written around the same time. As Stallings has herself observed, her engagement with Byron and Don Juan prepared her for new ways to write about contemporary events. This article examines this development, showing the impact of Byron’s epic on her shorter poems and lyrics as well as on her longer narrative works.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

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