Homer's Use of the Past

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
H. L. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systematic Examination ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

Of the sources of Homer in the literary sense we can know nothing. There is no antecedent, no contemporary literature extant; and no analysis of later works will yield anything that can be proved to represent a literary tradition earlier than Homer. Archaeology, however, which has made the origins of Hellenic culture in some degree intelligible, has at least furnished a solid stage and a veritable background for the action of the Iliad. How much did Homer know of the past? A systematic examination of the archaeological data which the poems offer suggests that he knew a great deal; knew it with a precision which cannot be explained away as fortuitous, and about so remote a past that we must postulate a stream of tradition traceable much further back than the siege of Troy. For the purposes of this paper Homer means the author of the Iliad in substantially its present form, whose floruit the present writer would not put earlier than the ninth century, and the term is used, without prejudice, for the author of the Odyssey also. Eratosthenes' date of 1184 for the fall of Troy is assumed less because it came to be accepted as the standard date in antiquity than because it fits so well into what we know of the history of the Mediterranean world at that time.

Dephallicizing Women in Ryūkyō shinshi: A Critique of Gender Ideology in Japanese Literature

1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-586
Author(s):  
Chieko Ariga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meiji Period ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exclusive Focus

In surveying the history of Japanese literature since the Meiji period (1868–1912), readers immediately recognize that Japanese literature has been approached most predominantly from the perspective of the question of the “modern.” Although specific subjects of focus have varied, the primary underlying question has been whether a literary work is “modern,” “premodern,” or “antimodern.” This approach has been so firmly embedded in the Japanese literary tradition that it has established itself as the most legitimate way to examine literature written after the Meiji period.The issue of the “modern” is related to the question of Japanese modernization; it is unquestionably important and deserves full critical attention in view of the geopolitical position of Japan in Asia, affected by Western hegemonic power over the past few centuries. However, because of this exclusive focus, other significant questions, including questions related to gender, have escaped critical attention.

The Date of the Kapara Period at Gozan (Tell Halaf)

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Official Publication ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Third Millennium

Ever since the discovery of the Palace of Kapara by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, there has been a debate—often acrimonious—with respect to its date. As late as 1934 there was a variation of some two millennia among active discussants. With the death of Ernst Herzfeld, who stood out until the end for a date in the third millennium, the debate seems to have closed, at least for the time being. In 1954 the late H. Frankfort came out explicitly for a date during the ninth century, preferably in its second half, for the age of Kapara. The same date, though with a higher upper limit, was maintained by A. Moortgat in the official publication of the sculpture of Gozan which appeared the following year. K. Galling had all along favoured such a dating, which he now espouses without reservation. The present writer has also maintained a date between 1100 and 900, concentrating for the past fifteen years on the tenth century.

scholarly journals Traces of the History of South Cisarua Plantation: Archives and Inscription of the Dutch Tomb in Kebon Jahe Cisarua-Bogor, Jawa Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Lia Nuralia
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Colonial Archives ◽  
Colonial Archive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Evidence

Makam Belanda (kerkhof) dengan inkripsi (prasasti) di Kebon Jahe merupakan sumber data arkeologis, menjadi petunjuk awal untuk penelusuran arsip kolonial sebagi sumber data sejarah. Sumber data sejarah dan arkeologis menjadi satu kolaborasi data yang saling melengkapi, yang dapat menjelaskan keberadaan perkebunan zaman Belanda yang sekarang sudah tidak ada. Apa dan bagaimana kedua sumber data tersebut menjadi bukti penting tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di masa lalu, menjadi permasalahan dalam tulisan ini. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkap jejak sejarah Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan berdasarkan arsip kolonial dan prasasti makam Belanda. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian arkeologi dengan pendekatan sejarah dan symbolic meaning, yang menerangkan tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di masa lalu, melalui arti inskripsi dan ragam hias makam, serta identitas orang yang dimakamkan melalui sumber arsip Belanda. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah kepastian tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di daerah Cisarua Bogor, dengan bukti fisik berupa tujuh Makam Belanda di Kampung Kebon Jahe, serta dokumen tertulis (rekaman sejarah) dalam Arsip Kolonial Indische Navorsher 1934 dan Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie 1920 No. 72.The Dutch tomb (kerkhof) with the inscription in Kebon Jahe is the source of archaeological data, becoming the initial guidance for searching colonial archives as a source of historical data. The source of historical and archaeological data becomes a collaboration of complementary data, which could explain the existence of a now-defunct Dutch plantation. What and how these two sources of data become important evidence of the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in the past, is a problem in this paper. Thus, this paper aims to reveal traces of the history of South Cisarua Plantation based on colonial archives and inscription of the Dutch tomb. The method used archaeological research with historical approach and symbolic meaning, which explains about the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in the past, through the meaning of inscriptions and decorative graves of the tomb, as well as the identity of people buried through the source of the Dutch archives. The results obtained certainty about the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in Cisarua Bogor area, with physical evidence in the form of seven Dutch Tombs in Kampung Kebon Jahe, as well as written documents as historical record in Colonial Archive of Indische Navorsher 1934 and Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie 1920 No. 72.

scholarly journals GLOBALISASI, PELAYARAN-PERDAGANGAN DAN DIVERSITAS POPULASI: STUDI SISA MANUSIA SITUS LERAN, REMBANG, JAWA TENGAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Sofwan Noerwidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Biological Affinity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Position

The issue of globalization is booming recently, but it is not really a new thing in the history of human civilization. However, the issue of globalization in the past, -particularly in Archaeological perspective- is not too much discussed among social sciences in Indonesia. This paper aims to open the isolation by understanding the processes of globalization and its correlation to the maritime trade through archaeological data based on human remains from Leran burial site, Rembang, Central Java. Research method used in this paper is Bioarchaeological approach based on dental metric and non-metric characters analysis which performed to determine the biological affinity of Leran people in comparison with some samples from surrounding area. The result could be seen that the Leran population has a fairly diverse biological affinity which correlated to the strategic position of this site in the ancient global network of maritime trade.Isu globalisasi yang saat ini sedang marak dibicarakan, sesungguhnya bukan hal yang baru dalam sejarah peradaban manusia. Namun, studi mengenai globalisasi dalam perspektif masa lampau khususnya arkeologi, sampai saat ini tidak banyak didiskusikan di antara ilmu-ilmu sosial di Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses globalisasi yang berhubungan dengan pelayaran dan perdagangan maritim melalui data arkeologis, berupa sisa rangka manusia dari situs Leran, Rembang, Jawa Tengah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan bioarkeologis melalui analisis karakter metrik dan non-metrik gigi geligi untuk mengetahui afinitas biologis manusia Leran dalam perbandingannya dengan beberapa sampel populasi dari kawasan sekitarnya. Hasilnya dapat diketahui bahwa populasi Leran memiliki diversitas afinitas biologis yang cukup beragam berhubungan dengan posisi strategis situs tersebut dalam jaringan perdagangan maritim global masa lampau.

Literature’s Vexed Democratization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Grossman ◽  
Juliana Spahr ◽  
Stephanie Young
Keyword(s):  
Racial Difference ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Black Writers ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
Educational Barriers ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

Abstract This article examines the contradictions of the contemporary literary field that appears both increasingly capacious and more exclusionary than in the past. Discussing the expansion of publishing enabled by digital and online technologies, we note that these changes did not reshape the demographics of most published works in the US, which remain overwhelmingly white authored. We then turn to literary prizes as an indicator of who writes prestige literature, narrating the twentieth-century formation of a racially segregated field and its slow changes against the backdrop of publishing overproduction. Combining a history of prestige literary culture with a demographic analysis of prizewinning writers (1918–2019), we discuss how a mostly white, New Critic-dominated field became the much more diverse and wide-ranging scene of the present. While this area has importantly opened up to writers of different backgrounds, our data show that the inequities of earlier prizegiving now take shape as drastic educational barriers to entry. Observing that a great deal of contemporary literature dramatizes the peculiarity of performing racial difference—often under the auspices of white audiences—we argue that the path to “excellence” has never been more narrow for writers who are not white, and Black writers in particular.

The Spade and the Text: The Interaction between Archaeology and Israelite History Relating to the Tenth-Ninth Centuries bce

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIHAI MAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
United Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Sources

There exists today a wide spectrum of views concerning the process of the writing and redaction of the various parts of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the evaluation of the biblical text in reconstructing the history of Israel during the Iron Age. An archaeologist must make a choice between divergent views and epistemological approaches when trying to combine archaeological data with biblical sources. There are five major possibilities, one of which is to claim that the biblical sources retain important kernels of ancient history in spite of the comparatively late time of writing and editing. Archaeology can be utilized to examine biblical data in the light of archaeology and judge critically the validity of each biblical episode. This chapter examines why we should accept the historicity of the biblical account regarding ninth-century northern Israel and discredit the historicity of the United Monarchy or Judah. It also discusses Jerusalem as a city during the tenth to ninth centuries and its role in defining state formation in Judah.

Basho as a Post-Pastoral Poet (ポスト・パストラル詩人としての芭蕉)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Kinya Nishi ◽  
欣也 西
Keyword(s):  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncritical Acceptance

This essay is an attempt to explore Basho Matsuo’s establishment of haiku as a significant moment in the history of Japanese literature where the perception of nature was drastically changed. It is often assumed that Basho’s poetry exemplifies aesthetic harmony between human beings and nature. However, with the help of recent critical discussions on the idea of nature I will argue that Basho’s poems entail intriguing paradoxes between, for example, the natural and the artificial, or between the legacy of the past and the perception of the present. A reconsideration of the literary, religious and social dimensions of Basho’s work will help us clarify how the poet, having mastered a range of styles, whether classical or contemporary urban, exposed himself to nature during his journeys in order to establish a new structure of aesthetics. I will draw on the “post-pastoral” debate to position Basho’s achievement among the great traditions that have expanded the possibility of representation by striking a subtle balance between uncritical acceptance and wholesale rejection of literary tradition. 〔概要〕本論は、松尾芭蕉による俳諧の確立を、日本文学史において自然認識を大きく変容させる重要な時機として考察する試みである。しばしば芭蕉の詩作は、自然と人間との間の美的調和を典型的に示すものと考えられている。しかし、自然の観念をめぐる最近の議論を踏まえるならば、芭蕉の詩は《自然なもの》と《作られたもの》、《過去の遺産》と《現在の知覚》等々のあいだの興味ある逆説を内包していることがわかる。芭蕉の作品の背後にある文学的、宗教的、社会的諸次元を再考していくことにより、芭蕉が、古典から同時代の都市の流行まで多様な様式に習熟したのち、旅において自らを自然に曝し、新しい構造を持つ美学を構築したことが示されるであろう。「ポスト・パストラル」の議論を参照しながら、筆者は芭蕉の達成したものを偉大な伝統のうちに据えてみたい。その伝統とはすなわち、文学伝統の無批判な受容と総体的拒絶とのあいだの精妙なバランスをとることによって、表現の可能性を拡大する伝統である。 This article is in Japanese.

Molecular Psychology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turhan Canli
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

Molecular psychology is the study of behavior and its underlying brain systems using the tools of molecular biology. Although a variety of biological tools have been used to discover the relation of brain and behavior since the beginning of psychology, these have largely been confined to nonhuman animal models or brain-damaged patients. Technical advances in the past two decades in molecular genetics and in noninvasive brain imaging have transformed the field. These advances made it possible to conduct detailed examinations—across all species and subjects including healthy human volunteers—of the relation among genes, brains, and behavior; gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions; and the underlying regulatory mechanisms of gene expression through life experience and other environmental variables. This chapter provides a brief history of the major milestones of this field, along with updates from the contemporary literature, and introduces the reader to the contents of this volume.

scholarly journals THE POSITION OF LOW MALAY SHORT STORIES IN THE HISTORY OF INDONESIAN LITERATURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Pujiharto Pujiharto ◽  
Sudibyo Sudibyo
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diverse Cultures

This article tries to determine the factors causing the Low Malay short stories became unaccounted, especially those that were collected in Miss Koelit Koetjing (2005), in the constellation of the history of modern Indonesian literature. To answer these problems, this paper explores the criteria applied by the author of the history of Indonesian literature, comparing it with the Low Malay short stories, and relates them to their cultural historical context.The results showed the reason that Low Malay short stories collected in Miss Koelit Koetjing were not accounted, are caused by the following factors. First, most of the short stories still retain the traditional genres, such as hikayat (saga) and fairy tales, which show the strength of the cultural orientation of the past. Second, the authors of short stories are not natives; the author is not in the sense of the creator, the creator, but a storyteller, just to recount a story that has been there before. Third, short stories were published in newspapers and not in the book form. Fourth, the world of their stories came from diverse cultures and not from the world of the Indonesian archipelago. With a similar reality, it can be concluded that the short stories collected in Miss Koelit Koetjing, in the broad realm of Low Malay literature, is a literary tradition of its own in the constelation history of Indonesian literature.

West Semitic Inscriptions and Ninth-Century bce Ancient Israel

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ LEMAIRE
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

Together with material archaeology and the literary tradition of the Hebrew Bible, epigraphy is one of the main sources for the history of ancient Israel in the ninth century BCE. Although limited in number, West Semitic inscriptions throw some light on the history of this period. This chapter examines ninth-century West Semitic inscriptions and the historical information they contain regarding the history of ninth-century Israel. It starts with the Hebrew inscriptions, followed by inscriptions in the neighbouring southern Levant countries as well as Aramaic inscriptions from Upper Mesopotamia. The chapter deals first with inscriptions in ‘Canaanite’ dialects before analysing inscriptions written in Aramaic dialects. The Mesha and Tel Dan steles are the main West Semitic inscriptions that help us understand the history of Israel and Judah during the ninth century BCE.

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