The Indian Policy of Portugal in America, with Special Reference to the Old State of Maranhão, 1500–1755

1949 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 131-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias C. Kiemen
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
New World ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indian Policy ◽  
The West ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Administrative Unit

The purpose of this study is to trace the development of Portuguese Indian policy m America from 1500 to 1755 as reflected in Indian labor legislation. Special attention will be paid to the northern, more tropical part of Portuguese America which was known during a large part of the colonial period as the State of Maranhão. The State of Maranhão must not be confused with the modern Brazilian state of the same name. Colonial Maranhão included an enormous territory, very largely Amazonian, extending from Ceará on the East to Grão Pará on the West. It was created in 1624 as a separate administrative unit of Portuguese America, and its capital was São Luiz. The other unit of the Portuguese possessions in the New World was the State of Brazil, extending south from Pernambuco, with its capital at Baía. Our interest will lie primarily in Maranhão, although the legislation on Indian labor passed before the establishment of Maranhão will be considered for background purposes.

Zooarchaeological evidence that the brown mussel (Perna perna) is a bioinvader of coastal Brazil

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1771-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson P Silva ◽  
Rosa CCL Souza ◽  
Tania A Lima ◽  
Flávio C Fernandes ◽  
Kita D Macario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Perna Perna ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Brazilian Populations

Interactions between invader species and the local biota may lead to disequilibria in regional ecosystems. For such reason, the cultivation of nonnative species may be prohibited in specific regions, as a means of protecting native species. On the other hand, the question of whether a species is a bioinvader or not may not be straightforward. This is the case of the mollusc Perna perna, presently naturalized and widely distributed along Brazilian coast, from the Bay of Vitória, in the state of Espírito Santo (ES), to the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Following previous works that explored the hypothesis that P. perna invaded the coast of Brazil at the colonial period, attached to slave ships, we discuss zooarchaeological data, radiocarbon dating, and molecular genetics analyses. Out of the 578 archeological shellmounds investigated, 542 (93.8%) had no records of P. perna. From the radiocarbon dating results, it is possible to infer that the presence of the two P. perna specimens from the Saquarema shellmound, in Rio de Janeiro, as well as the other shells from the top layer, is likely related to a recent occupation of the site in the colonial period, with a great probability of being from the XVII or XVIII centuries. Data on genetic population structure of P. perna along the Brazilian coast showed higher genetic identities between the African and the Brazilian populations than among the Brazilian populations, while haplotypic diversity shows a pattern which relates to trade routes of slaves (XVII and XVIII centuries) between Africa and Brazil. These data reinforce the argument that the appearance of P. perna along the Brazilian coast is due to invasion during historical time.

Radicals and the State

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGG O. KVISTAD
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
German State ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The One ◽  
State Employee ◽  
Political Battle

This article argues that ideas of the state are crucial for understanding contemporary politics in so-called “state-societies” like West Germany. It argues that the recent protracted and divisive political battle over state employee personnel policy in the Federal Republic needs to be understood as a conflict involving the power of two nineteenthcentury ideas of the German state, on the one hand, and the general modernization of the West German state and transformation of West German elite and mass political culture, on the other.

scholarly journals Accumulated and recent migratory at traction in Mexico and Veracruz. Analysis with special reference to the state of Veracruz

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
Violeta Alejandra Bastián Lima ◽  
José Dionicio Vázquez Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Specific Construction

La atracción migratoria (reciente y acumulada) es una construcción específica de la migración interna, la cual contiene dinámicas socioeconómicas y culturales, entre otras, desde los centros rurales o urbanos, con perspectivas territoriales y regionales. En México, el indicador de la atracción migratoria reciente muestra mejores condiciones y dinámicas de la economía desde hace siete años. Por su parte, Veracruz presenta desde hace una década un importante crecimiento demográfico y de inmigración interna, además de una significativa migración hacia entidades del norte. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo es construir indicadores de atracción migratoria y reciente a nivel nacional y para el estado de Veracruz, que sirvan como base para futuras investigaciones que profundicen en las causas y factores de la migración interna, y expliquen las dinámicas entre un territorio y otro. The migratory attraction (recent and accumulated) is a specific construction of internal migration, which contains socio - economic and cultural dynamics, among others; from rural or urban centers, with territorial and regional perspectives. In Mexico, the indicator of recent migration attraction shows the best conditions and dynamics of the economy since seven years ago. On the other hand, Veracruz has had an important demographic and internal immigration growth since a decade, as well as an important migration towards northern entities. In this context, the objective of the article is to build indicators of mig ratory and recent attraction at the national level and for the state of Veracruz, which serve as a basis for future research that delves into the causes and factors of internal migration and explain the dynamics between one territory and another.

II.—On Two Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain

1871 ◽  
Vol 8 (90) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
New World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Imperfect Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Cretaceous Period ◽  
A New Species

It is a singular coincidence that in a former communication to this Magazine (Vol. VI., p. 1) I described, among other Coniferous fruits, two from the Gault at Folkestone, the one the cone of a pine, and the other of a Wellingtonia, and that in this communication I propose to describe two hitherto unknown fruits from the same deposit and found at the same locality, belonging also the one to a Wellingtonia and the other to a pine. Although the small pinecone already described (Pinites gracilis) differs in form and in the arrangement of the scales from any known cone, recent or fossil, it is more nearly related to that group of the section Pinea, the members of which are now associated with the Wellingtonias in the west of North America, than with any other member of the great genus Pinus. I, however, hesitated to refer to this interesting fact, because the occurrence of the two cones in the Gault might have been due to their being accidentally brought into the same silt by rivers having widely separated drainage areas. And it is easier to keep back generalizations based on imperfect data, than to suppress them after publication, when in the progress of investigation they are shown to be false. But I have now to describe a second pinecone more closely related to the Californian species of Pinea, and with it a new species of Wellingtonia. These surely point with tolerable certainty to the existence of a Coniferous vegetation on the high lands of the Upper Cretaceous period having a fades similar to that now existing in the mountains on the west of North America, between the thirtieth and fortieth parallels of latitude. No fossil referable to Sequoia has hitherto been found in strata older than the Gault, and here on the first appearance of the genus we find it associated with pines of the same group that now flourish by its side in the New World.

scholarly journals The Architecture of Separation: Israeli Policy towards the Palestinians in the West Bank

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 149-177
Author(s):  
Paulina Codogni
Keyword(s):  
West Bank ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Positive Dimension ◽  
Primary Function

According to the classic view of architecture, its primary function is to create spatial law and order so as to improve the functioning of man in the architectural environment. Classical works on the theory of architecture focused on those qualities that portrayed architecture as having a clearly positive dimension, the pursuit of which should be the primary task of an architect. Is it true, however, that architecture has only one common meaning? This assertion is undermined by buildings constructed on borderlands, which are imposed on one community by another. An example is the wall being erected by Israel since 2002 to separate the state from the West Bank. While it has become a symbol of security and order for the Israelis, it is an emblem of enslavement and chaos for the Palestinians who have been trapped on the other side of the barrier.

Augustine of Hippo, Servus Servorum Christi

1934 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
R. Pierce Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Saint Augustine ◽  
The State ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
The Real ◽  
Islamic Conquest ◽  
The Church

The age of Saint Augustine was for the episcopate of the West a period of training for future duties. Before the end of the fifth century, in almost every community the real leader, both in temporal and spiritual matters, was the bishop. During the next two centuries there came into being the medieval prelate, a prince in the church and in the state; but the foundations of his ecclesiastical and civil jurisdiction had already been laid by the early part of the fifth century. The African bishops shared with their colleagues of the other western provinces the same line of evolution, until it was interrupted, first by the Vandal invasion, and then by the Islamic conquest. However, by that time Augustine of Hippo, Alypius of Thagaste, the primate Aurelius of Carthage, and their fellow-bishops had made contributions of permanent value to the whole church, and they had created a noble standard of duty and conduct to be emulated by prelates of a later day.

Institutions, Finance, Trade

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-97
Author(s):  
Wim Klooster ◽  
Gert Oostindie
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic World ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Credit Crisis ◽  
The West ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
West India Company ◽  
United Provinces

For governance, investment, and the shipment and sale of Atlantic goods the overseas Dutch depended on the United Provinces. The West India Company, which maintained its slave trade monopoly until the 1730s, provided the umbrella for most activities in the Dutch Atlantic world, although Suriname and Berbice were ruled by separate entities in which the WIC was only a partner. In mid-century, the Dutch Guiana colonies offered Dutch investors attractive opportunities, which led to the transfer of tremendous amounts of credit. An artificial boom followed, which failed to produce high profits and ended in a credit crisis which would thwart the further plantation growth of Suriname. Cash crops from Suriname and the other New World colonies were carried in massive quantities to the Dutch Republic, while the Dutch slave trade not only provisioned the Dutch colonies, but also those of other empires.

scholarly journals Legal Dualism and the Bipolar State

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-189
Author(s):  
Cecília MacDowell Santos
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
International Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
Multicultural Perspective

The Brazilian state has contradictory laws, policies and practices with regard to the rights of indigenous peoples. Despite the adoption of a democratic Brazilian constitution in 1988 that incorporated a multicultural conception of indigenous rights and the subsequent ratification of new international norms of human rights for indigenous peoples, the practices of the courts and of the various sectors of the state reflect a legal cultural dualism and a “bipolar” state. The case of the Xucuru people sent to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights shows the conflicts between legal and political cultures characterized, on one hand, by an individualistic and colonial approach to indigenous civil rights and, on the other hand, a collectivist and multicultural perspective on the human rights of indigenous peoples.O Estado brasileiro possui leis, políticas e práticas contraditórias em relação aos direi-tos indígenas. Apesar da nova constituição democrática de 1988 ter incorporado uma concepção multicultural dos direitos indígenas e de o Estado ter ratificado normas internacionais de direitos humanos dos povos indígenas, as práticas dos tribunais e de vários setores do Estado refletem uma situação de dualismo da cultura jurídica e um Estado “bipolar.” O caso do povo Xucuru encaminhado à Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos demonstra os conflitos entre culturas jurídicas e políticas caracterizadas, de um lado, por uma abordagem individualista e colonial dos direitos civis dos indígenas, e, de outro lado, por uma perspectiva coletivista e multicultural dos direitos humanos dos povos indígenas.

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