A Formal Principle

2001 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Keyword(s):  
Formal Principle

scholarly journals Social justice and the formal principle of freedom

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-284
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolic ◽  
Igor Cvejic
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
The Right ◽  
Friedrich Hayek

The aim of this paper is to show, contra the right-libertarian critique of social justice, that there are good reasons for defending policies of social justice within a free society. In the first part of the paper, we will present two influential right-libertarian critiques of social justice, found in Friedrich Hayek?s Law, Legislation and Liberty and Robert Nozick?s Anarchy, State and Utopia. Based on their approach, policies of social justice are seen as an unjustified infringement on freedoms of individual members of a society. In response to this critique, we will introduce the distincion between formal and factual freedom and argue that the formal principle of freedom defended by Hayek and Nozick does not suffice for the protection of factual freedom of members of a society, because it does not recognize (1) the moral obligation to help those who, without their fault, lack factual freedom to a significant degree, and (2) the legal obligation of the state to protect civic dignity of all members of a society. In the second part of the paper, we offer an interpretation of Kant?s argument on taxation, according to which civic dignity presupposes factual freedom, in order to argue that Kant?s justification of taxation offers good reasons for claiming that the state has the legal obligation to protect factual freedom via the policies of social justice.

scholarly journals Molecular Nearest Neighbors Determine Generalization of Odorant Mixtures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Brackney ◽  
Kael Dai ◽  
Taleen Der-Ghazarian ◽  
Brian H. Smith ◽  
Richard C. Gerkin
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Perceptual Quality ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Test Mixture ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
Reference Mixture

ABSTRACTMost natural odors arise from mixtures of multiple odorants. Some such mixtures are perceived “elementally”, with each odorant component clearly identifiable, while others are perceived “configurally”, with the mixture adopting a perceptual quality distinct from any of the components. While the perceptual similarity of two mixtures is presumably related in some way to the similarity of the corresponding components, given the elemental/configural dichotomy it is unclear if any formal principle can be used to predict mixture similarity. To investigate this problem, we trained mice to respond to a binary reference mixture of structurally similar odorants (S+) and then tested generalization of this response to other structurally related binary test mixtures. Across 5 experiments, we parametrically varied these mixtures in distinct ways to test candidate models for the perceptual similarity of mixtures. The best-performing model predicted behavioral responses by considering, for each component of the S+, only the similarity of the most structurally similar (”nearest neighbor”) component of each test mixture. We conclude that for mixture generalization tasks the olfactory system may deemphasize or discard information about mixture components not perceptually “near” enough to any of those in the S+, consistent with a sparse and elemental rule for perception of structurally-related binary mixtures.

Formalisma Hubungan Logikal Dan Visualisasi Hubungan Perawi Hadith

2011 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Zarina Shukur ◽  
Norasikin Fabil ◽  
Shahrul Azman Mohd. Noah ◽  
Juhana Salim
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Visualization Tool ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
The Relationship

Pengajian dalam Sains Hadith melibatkan banyak rujukan terhadap kitab-kitab lama yang ditulis oleh ulama tersohor zaman lampau. Elemen utama dalam pengajian tersebut adalah semakan terhadap kesahihan hadith. Walaupun era teknologi maklumat mempunyai kecanggihannya tersendiri, namun kewibawaan ulama lampau dalam merekodkan maklumat penting serta metodologi semakan kewibawaan hadith masih tidak dapat ditandingi. Oleh itu, kajian ini membincangkan bagaimana maklumat dalam kitab-kitab lampau berkait dengan pengajian Sains Hadith, dapat dipindahkan ke dalam pangkalan data, dan seterusnya dipaparkan secara visual. Untuk sokongan analisis hadith, peraturan formal yang mencerminkan logik rantaian perawi, diikuti dengan ilustrasi pergerakan hadith dengan memvisualkan hubungan antara perawi bagi hadith tersebut dibincangkan. Hubungan paling ringkas iaitu menggunakan daripada X kepada Y adalah asas kepada ilustrasi ini. Manakala hanya maklumat nama perawi yang dipertimbangkan pada masa ini. Seterusnya, satu prototaip Alat Pemvisual Perawi Hadith (APPH) yang berfungsi untuk memaparkan secara visual hubungan ini telah dibangunkan. Kata kunci: Tertib perkaitan; Ilustrasi perawi hadith; visualisasi This paper discusses about formal principle that represents the chain of hadith narrators, followed by an illustration of hadith movement by visualizing the relationship among the narrators of the hadith. This illustration is based on the simplest form of relationship that is from X to Y. At a moment, only the narrators name is considered in this initial study. A Hadith Narrators Visualization Tool is developed as a prototype of this work. Key words: Relationship rule; hadith narrators illustration; visualization

Organizing for “wicked problems” – analyzing coordination arrangements in two policy areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Lagreid ◽  
Lise H. Rykkja
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Wicked Problems ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Formal Principle

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the question of coordination by comparing two recent reforms schemes in Norway: internal security and the welfare administration. Both concern typically transboundary “wicked” policy problems where horizontal and vertical coordination is difficult. What kind of coordination problems did the reforms address, what kind of coordination solutions were provided, and what can explain the observed pattern? Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on organizational theory, distinguishing between a structural-instrumental and a cultural-institutional perspective. A comparative case study design is applied. The analysis combines insights from four large research projects. Findings – Both cases represent broad government efforts to tackle “wicked” coordination problems when there is a mismatch between the problem structure and the organizational structure. In both cases, reorganization and structural changes resulted in hybrid and complex organizational arrangements. The welfare administration reform tried to solve a tension between ministerial responsibility and local self-government by introducing One-stop-shops. Within the area of internal security, coordination problems related to lacking ministerial capacity was tackled by introducing a formal principle of collaboration, a lead agency approach and network arrangements. Practical implications – Effective coordination might ease wicked problems by enhancing the understanding of the problem and its underlying causes, increasing the probability of finding agreed-upon solutions and help implementation. Enhanced communication and strengthened mutual trust and commitment among actors might be a positive outcome. However, coordination implies dilemmas and trade-offs, and reformers often have to balance different interests. Originality/value – The paper shows that different instruments of coordination are central for handling “wicked problems”.

Kant’s Political Zweckmässigkeit

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-444
Author(s):  
Dilek Huseyinzadegan
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWhile Kant’s political writings employ a teleological language, the exact benefit of such language to his politics is far from clear. Against recent interpretations of Kant’s political thought, which downplay or dismiss the role of teleology, I restore Zweckmässigkeit to its place in Kant’s politics as a theoretically and practically useful material principle, and show that a teleological perspective complements the perspective stipulated by the formal principle of Recht. By means of a systematic reconstruction of what I call ‘political Zweckmässigkeit’, we gain a fuller portrayal of and a valuable insight into Kant’s political thought.

STATES OF ANYON MATTER

1991 ◽  
Vol 05 (09) ◽  
pp. 1273-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK WILCZEK
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Statistical Parameter ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Average Field ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
State Of Matter ◽  
New State Of Matter

The basic definition and elementary properties of anyons are briefly reviewed. Average field theory is introduced as a method to roughly assess the qualitative properties of aggregates of anyons, and is argued to be reliable in certain limits. The basic mechanism of anyon superconductivity is discussed in simple physical terms. The mechanism is argued to be fundamentally different from spontaneous symmetry breaking, and specifically from BCS pairing. The formal principle involved, previously discussed under the rubric "spontaneous fact violation", is given a new more precise mathematical formulation: it is the spontaneous projectivization of a linear symmetry. Tight conceptual connections are made between the fractional quantized Hall effect and anyon superconductivity, basically by inverting the average field procedure. Values of the quantum statistical parameter are identified at which anyon superconducting states are likely to occur. Values of the filling fractions are identified, as a function of the quantum statistics parameter, at which anyon quantized Hall states are likely to occur. The existence of a new state of matter, the anyon metal, is suggested, and some of its properties are roughly assessed. Possible generalizations of the ideas to cases involving inhomogeneous, three-dimensional or finite systems are discussed in a preliminary but reasonably definite fashion.

scholarly journals Romancing principles and human rights: Are humanitarian principles salvageable?

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (897-898) ◽  
pp. 77-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Gordon ◽  
Antonio Donini
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ethical Content ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
Humanitarian Values

Abstract“Classical” or “Dunantist” humanitarianism has traditionally been constructed around the core principles of neutrality (not taking sides) and impartiality (provision of assistance with no regard to ethnicity, religion, race or any other consideration, and proportional to need), plus the operational imperative (rather than a formal principle) to seek the consent of the belligerent parties. These principles, whilst never unchallenged, have dominated the contemporary discourse of humanitarianism and have been synonymous with or at least reflections of a presumed essential, enduring and universal set of humanitarian values. This paper offers a more dynamic and changing vision of the content of humanitarian action. It maps the origins and content of the “new humanitarian” critique of the humanitarian sector and principles and argues that this has both misrepresented the ethical content of neutrality and obscured what amount to significant operational adaptations that leave traditional humanitarianism well prepared for the contemporary operating environment.

scholarly journals Nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymio samprata ir ją lemiantys veiksniai

Teisė ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 198-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulius Veršekys
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
General Conception ◽  
Formal Principle ◽  
Constituent Feature ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Straipsnyje analizuojama nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymio teorinė problematika. Aptariama bendroji požymio samprata, nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymio panašumai ir atskyrimas nuo požymių, apibūdinančių nusikalstamą veiką, sudarančių baudžiamojo įstatymo straipsnio ar baudžiamosios teisės normos dalis, taip pat sistemiškai išskiriami veiksniai, labiausiai formuojantys ir lemiantys nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymio turinį. Tarp tokių veiksnių minimi ir išsamiai aprašomi teisės technikos, formaliojo nullum crimen sine lege principo, teisės aiškinimo ir jo ribų reikalavimai.The article analyzes the theoretical issues of the constituent feature of the body of criminal act. The author discusses about the general conception of the feature, the similarities and differences between the constituent features of the body of criminal act and the features of the article, the rule of law and the offence. There are also systematically identified the main factors that mostly affect the content of the feature in the article. Among these factors there are mentioned and described in detail the requirements of the legal technique, the formal principle of nullum crimen sine lege, the interpretation of law and its limits.

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