Metamorphosis of Aesthetic Visual Culture, an Aftermath of War

Creative brains are kept only by sensitive creatures, and the most empathetic are of those associated with visual arts fields, affected even by a minor stir in their surroundings, which is reflected in their creative endeavours. They sub consciously interpret their time. Unpleasantness of war or situations analogous to war have always left a negative mark on their aesthetic interpretations. History is replete with such examples. But the most stunningly heinous transgressions were exercised by modern mechanisms of war that violated ethics par human perception. The era shattered beliefs of man on humanitarian values. It also caused transformation in the field of aesthetics which is beyond human comprehension. The metamorphosis was so rapid that it brought aesthetics and beauty at antithetical stages, which led the French artist Paul Duchamp to display a urinal as a piece of sculpture in an art exhibition. Hence, weirdness replaced beauty; logical delineations substituted the abstruse, and crafty ousted the artistic, still protected under the umbrella of art. It is labelled as modern, subjective or abstract but not viewed as a repercussion of war trauma. The paper will be exploratory research to probe reasons behind the apparently unreasoned transformations delineated through art. Modern art specimens of post-war era along with those resulted from a few chaotic situations will be analysed to draw conclusions. It will be based on deductive methods of reasoning to scrutinise history, psychology and the field of art in order to comprehend the impact and reactions of war trauma on sensitive souls of artists that led them to transform the entire visual field of aesthetics.

Axiological contexts of geographical cognition.

The paper reasons about value consciousness, which plays a special role in the study and development of geographical space. The understanding of geographical space is based on multidimensional analytical features of this subject category. Geographical space is represented as an area of mutual penetration of a unique natural shell and an original anthroposphere. In this fusion of nature and society, the predominant role of humans in the surrounding reality is highlighted. It is suggested that the urgent task of geographical knowledge is the need to unite knowledge about people, nature and society in the conditions of spatial interaction. It is emphasized that the main vector of modern geographical research is the conceptual progress from "Earth" to "Person" as the only reliable wealth that the world possesses. The dominant role of a person in the surrounding reality is determined by the moral consciousness and reasonable practice of an individual in specific spatial circumstances. The authors illustrate that in modern conditions it is impossible to do this without appealing to humanitarian values, which become the fundamental basis of the entire world "Dasein” (by M. Heidegger) as an existing being.

THE RESPONSIBILITY IN PROTECTING THE ROHINGYA REFUGEES IN ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA: AN INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES LAW PERSPECTIVE

The coast of western Indonesia (Aceh province) has been the entrance for Rohingya refugees since 2012. At the beginning of 2020, the Rohingya refugees continued to arrive, although some of them have been resettled and transferred to the third countries. The Indonesian government rejected a large number of Rohingya refugees because there were no lex specialis in the Indonesian immigration arrangement related to asylum seekers and refugees. Historically, Indonesia was a country with commitment and experiences in dealing with refugees, however to date, Indonesia refused to become a party to the 1951 International Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol on Refugees. Hence, there is no legal standards of the refugee management in Indonesia, and thus it complicates the management of the incoming Rohingyas. Responding to such issue, the government has issued the Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning the foreign refugee management to provide a temporary legal standard for all forms of refugee protection in Indonesia. However, such regulation has yet to comprehensively settled the management of the Rohingya people in Indonesia, particularly in Aceh province. This paper strongly advocates the Indonesian government to ratify the 1951 International Refugee Convention as to protect and settle the refugee under the non-refoulment principle which is fundamentally referred to humanitarian values.

Elżbieta Zawacka – pedagog niezłomna

The article presents the socio-professional activity of Elżbieta Zawacka (1909–2009). She was an out- standing figure in the recent history of Poland. The heroine of the underground 1939–1945, participant in the Warsaw Uprising, prisoner of the Stalinist times, university professor, founder of the archival and scientific centre in Toruń. She was decorated with the Order of the White Eagle, the Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, and the Cross of Valor (five times). Regardless of the time, area and form of activity, Zawacka remained faithful to the “ethos of indomitables” – people acting in the name of humanistic and humanitarian values for the good of the country and other people.

THE GOSPEL OF LUTHER

The article deals with the main Reformation ideas of Martin Luther that later influenced the building and formation of the fundamental humanitarian values in Europe and further on in the whole world. The main of them are freedom, justice, autonomy, fairness and responsibility, as well as the value foundations of personal identification, which are closely connected with the problem of free will and choice. They were forged in the process of shaping principles of a new faith by Martin Luther, whereon the new Protestant Church was built with its new ethic dissolving all life spheres of its adepts and building a new type of European rationality. Luther is considered a personality that embodies a significant era in the development of Europe: he did not only demonstrate with his own example what the real faith meant, he set a new direction for the development of society based on the new principles of the Protestant Church. The author of the article analyzes social and geopolitical circumstances under which Luther the Great Reformer lived and formed a new Protestant theology.

Humanitarian values in a counterterrorism era

In this opinion note, we explore ways to understand the contemporary encounters between a growing global counterterrorism architecture and impartial humanitarian activities while critically assessing our own role in shaping responses to those encounters. Humbled by a decade of experience in this area, we aim to explain how counterterrorism concerns have been elevated over the humanitarian imperative and to offer potential avenues to secure greater respect for impartial humanitarian activities.

NILAI-NILAI KEMANUSIAAN DALAM CERITA ANAK MINANGKABAU

(Title: Humanity Values in Minangkabau Children's Story). This article describes human values in oral stories for children from Minangkabau. This issue was raised because many traditional stories are neglected and underappreciated. The stories analyzed were 30 stories by considering the message of the story. The oral story data was obtained by recording and transcribing. Analyzing the story is done by reading it many times so that the news is received. The study results found that the story's message was to respect parents, especially mothers, the value of honesty was carried out under any conditions, to maintain a friendship in all forms of activity, and to restrain emotions in all actions. Keywords: humanitarian values, oral stories, Minangkabau children's stories, and huma­nita­rian values.

Evaluating the German Position Towards Asylum Seekers During the 2015 European Refugee Crisis

The refugee crisis that emerged in 2015 was considered to be one of the worst political and humanitarian disasters and the huge influx of immigrants that arrived in Europe caused collective concerns among the receiving countries. The general attitude towards immigrants in Germany has been positive for years but the Syrian crisis prompted the German policies to become more lenient towards the refugees. Therefore, this paper analyzes Germany’s policy shift towards refugees after 2015 and examines the reasons behind the positive stance towards immigrants from the existing literature. The paper discusses the role of different factors ranging from economic, foreign policy considerations, ideological concerns to humanitarian values. In addition, this paper highlights the gaps in the literature and proposes directions for future research to comprehend German policies on immigrants. The research concludes with the findings that humanitarian values and past experiences have played a crucial role in shaping Germany’s refugee policy during the European refugee crisis.

How Does the Sense of Closeness to God Affect Attitudes toward Refugees in Turkey? Multiculturalism and Social Contact as Mediators and National Belonging as Moderator

Turkey has been the country hosting the highest number of refugees globally with the immigration of Syrians after the civil war in Syria. There have been no major problems between Turks and Syrians in the past ten years. Although Syrians have a financial burden of 71 billion USD to the Turkish state, Turkish society has not reacted significantly due to common religious, cultural, and humanitarian values. This study was conducted with 1743 individuals of different age groups, and it tried to understand the effect of Turkish society’s spirituality in attitudes and behaviors towards Syrian refugees. This relationship was investigated with regard to whether the multiculturalism and contact frequency acted as mediators and national belonging acted as moderator. Gender, age, education, family income, marital status, and whether participants have Syrian neighbors were used as control variables. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the spirituality of the Turkish people was associated with their attitudes towards Syrian refugees, with the mediator effect being multiculturalism and social contact and the moderator effect being national belonging in this relationship.

The Challenges before Higher Education for the Composite Growth of a Sustainable Society

A society is a large composite structure moulded by many interconnected non-autonomous entities. As the growth of the society is an inevitable continuous process, its structure and so also its demands keep on changing. This alteration, yields up many challenges to be met by the individual of a society. The sustainable growth of society, along with its diversity and disparities, needs a holistic approach to development. Therefore, there is a demand of fostering a durable human resource. The higher education besides being value addition to a person’s cognitive ability, must enhance the readiness to face any problem in life with sufficient empirical competence. The greatest challenge before higher education is to inculcate humanitarian values, civic knowledge and sensi-tivity towards other life forms and the environment in a learner; so that s/he can realise her/his obligation to the social and natural environment.