Short-Term Incentive Effects of a Reduction in the NOL Carryback Period

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Albring ◽  
Dan S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Inder K. Khurana ◽  
Raynolde Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Incentive Effects ◽  
Loss Firms

ABSTRACT We examine whether the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA 1997), which reduced the net operating loss (NOL) carryback period from three to two years, created a short-term incentive effect to shift income to accelerate loss recognition in the tax year 1997. We find that our sample of NOL firms in the treatment year of 1997 display higher (lower) levels of income-decreasing (-increasing) earnings management, compared to a control sample of loss firms. When we focus strictly on the NOL firms in the transition year, we find that firms with higher reported income tax expense in fiscal year 1995 display greater income shifting to accelerate loss recognition. We also find that income shifting is greater for treatment NOL firms that expect to report losses in the post-TRA 1997 regime. Overall, our study highlights how changes in tax law provisions (as opposed to tax rate changes) affect firms' reporting behavior.

scholarly journals PERILAKU EARNINGS MANAGEMENT DI SEKITAR PERUBAHAN TARIF PAJAK TAHUN 2008

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Earning Management ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tax Changes

This study aims to test the level of earning management before and after the income tax rate reduction for 2008 fiscal year. The samples were 21 banking companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, which has provides loans to SMEs. The analysis using paired samplest-test to test these differences of earning management before and after the income tax rates changes. The results showed that earning management in the high tax rate was higher than in the lower tax rate. This shows that management has responded the income tax rates changes to take the opportunity. Keywords: discretionary accruals, earnings management, corporate income tax changes.

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN LABA DAN PERUBAHAN TARIF PPH UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 36 TAHUN 2008 (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan BUMN dan Non-BUMN di BEI Tahun 2007-2010 )

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Suranta ◽  
Bandi Bandi ◽  
Eko Arif Sudaryono
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Discretionary Accrual ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Current Asset

Income Tax Act current in Indonesia is marked by the issuance of Law No. 36 of 2008. These laws regulate some fundamental changes in the calculation of corporate income tax for companies in Indonesia. One of the most fundamental changes is the change in the rate used in calculating the tax for the company, which was originally using progressive rates (maximum rate of 30%) to 28 % in 2009, and will be 25 % in 2010. This study is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Based on predefined criteria sample, then the total number of samples studied is 193 samples. The variables of study include the discretionary accrual earnings management use with Jones model are current asset changes, cash changes, changes in current liabilities, changes in short-term debt, and changes to the income tax paid. Methods of data collection with secondary data are obtained through documentation of ICMD years 2007-2010. Analysis use parametric statistical with t -test and the non-parametric with Wilcoxon test. The results showed all the company showed indications of earnings management before and after the tax law No. 36 in 2008. State-owned companies showed no difference in earnings management prior to the year after adoption of Law No. 36 in 2008, meanwhile the non-SOE companies show indication of earnings management. Keywords: The issuance of Law No. 36 of 2008, income tax, earnings management, discretionary current accruals.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN, MEKANISME BONUS, DAN TUNNELING INCENTIVES TERHADAP PERGESERAN LABA DALAM MELAKUKAN TRANSFER PRICING DENGAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Vinola Herawaty ◽  
Anne Anne
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Good Corporate Governance ◽  
Bonus Plan

<p><em>This study aims to examine the effect of income tax rates, bonus plan and tunneling incentives as instruments in detecting income shifting with transfer pricing with moderate good corporate governance. The independent variables in this research are income tax rate, bonus plan and tunneling incentives as well as leverage and firm size as control variables. Good corporate governance mechanism that has been used in this research is audit quality regarding to auditor reputation.The sample was taken by purposive sampling method consisting of 176 manufacturing companies of consumer goods industry sector listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange which have reported complete financial report in period 2013-2016. Test of hypothesis was using SPSS 23 application.The results show that good corporate governance has weaken positive significant for bonus plan and tunneling incentives in detecting income shifting in transfer pricing. Meanwhile, other independent variables income tax rate has no significant effect. </em></p>

scholarly journals Beneficial ownership of income as an antiabusive measure in Serbian Tax Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (88) ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Miloš Vasović
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Double Taxation ◽  
Current Function ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Treaty Shopping ◽  
Beneficial Ownership ◽  
The One

The Serbian Corporate Income Tax Act contains a provision on the beneficial ownership of income (hereinafter: the BO provision), which is one of the conditions for the application of the preferential tax rate on income tax after tax deduction, which is envisaged in Treaties for the avoidance of Double Taxation on income and capital (hereinafter: Double Taxation Treaties/ DTTs). The subject matter of research in this paper is the term "beneficial ownership", which is not defined in the Corportate Income Tax Act. It may ultimately lead to abusing the preferential tax rates from the DTTs in tax planning and "treaty shopping" through the use of conduit companies. Tax experts have different opinions on the legal nature of the BO provision, which is given the function of an anti-abusive measure (on the one hand) and a rule for the attribution of income (on the other hand). The author analyzes the current function of the BO provision envisaged in the Serbian Serbian Corporate Income Tax Act (CITA), and its inadequate application. The author advocates for enacting the BO provision as an anti-abusive measure, and examines the possible application of the BO provision in domestic tax law, with reference to Articles 10, 11, and 12 of the DTTs that Serbia contracted with other states, as well as Articles 10-12 of the OECD Model-Convention on Income and Capital (2017) and Commentaries on these articles. Such an application of the BO provision may preclude "treaty shopping". In final remarks, the author points out why the BO provision should be envisaged as an anti-abusive measure in Serbian tax law.

Tax-Induced Earnings Management in Emerging Markets: Evidence from China

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingxuan Lin ◽  
Rui Lu ◽  
Ting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Marginal Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Management Incentives ◽  
Author Contact ◽  
Income Tax Law

ABSTRACT China issued the New Enterprise Income Tax Law in 2007, which changed the corporate income tax rate from 33 percent to 25 percent and came into effect in 2008. Using the simulated marginal tax rate as an indicator of firms' earnings management incentives, and discretionary current accruals as a proxy for earnings management, we find significant tax-induced earnings management in 2007. However, the downward earnings management becomes less obvious for firms that have a greater percentage of shares owned by state-owned enterprises, have an audit committee on the board, and disclose certified internal control reports. Data Availability: All data are available from the second author (contact author) upon request.

scholarly journals Analisis Pajak Penghasilan Bagi Wajib Pajak Badan Usaha Kecil- Menengah Di Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Fany Inasius
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Income Tax on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has been amended in the Tax Law number 36 of 2008 concerning Income tax (the latest Income Tax Act). In the the latest Income Tax Act, tax rate for small and medium business entity with gross circulation up by 4.8 billion rupiahs receives 50% tariff cuts out of the normal rate. This implies a reduction in rates for small and medium enterprises since 2009 compared to rates based onthe previous Income Tax Act (the old Income Tax Act). However, in the calculation of income tax based on the principle of justice, the old Income Tax Act provides a sense of fairness as the basis of taxation based on profit compared to the latest Income Tax Act which based on sale revenues. This study focuses on a comparison of the tax on SMEs corporation by the latest Income Tax Act and the old Income Tax Act. From the research conducted using comparative research method, descriptive, and document analysis, it shows that there is a decrease in tax rates based on the latest Income Tax Act, but the principle of justice in the taxation of SMEs is still less than the old Income Tax Act.

scholarly journals ASPEK PAJAK PENGHASILAN FINAL PADA SEKTOR USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH (STUDI KASUS PT PCT TANGERANG)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Badar Murifal
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Current Arrangement

AbstractIndonesia cut the final income tax rate for small and medium-sized enterprises by half, to 0.5 percent of their annual sales, in a move to help businesses manage their cash flow and expansion. While the current arrangement only demands simple accounting, small and medium-sized enterprises say it also means they have to pay income tax when they are at loss, which disrupts their cash flow(Jakarta Globes, 2018). The Government has shown its strong support for the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). After improving the tax facility for venture capital companies who invest in SMEs, the Government has now issued Government Regulation (GR) No.23/2018 (GR-23) which stipulates a new “final tax”rate for SMEs. GR-23 will enter into force on 1 July 2018 and revokes GR No.46/2013 regarding final tax on taxpayers within a certain turnover. The final tax regime, introduced in GR-46, is applicable for taxpay ers with annual gross turnover of not more than IDR 4.8 billion (approximately USD 340 thousand), excluding the following income: a.fees from the delivery of certain freelance services by individuals; b. overseas income which has been taxed in the source country; c. income also subject to final tax; and d. non - taxable income. The threshold of IDR 4.8 billion per annum is based on the previous years’ activity, including gross turnover sourced from branches. If during a fiscal year the gross turnover exceeds IDR 4.8 billion, the taxpayer remains subject to final tax for the current year but must adopt the “ normal tax ” rate (Article 17 or Article 31E Income Tax) for the following year. While the provisions on gross turnover generally remain unchanged, GR – 23 now reduces the final tax rate to 0.5% from the previous 1%.Key words : Final Income Tax ,  Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

Does the Federal Income Tax Law Favor Entrepreneurs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1232
Author(s):  
Eric Toder
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
New Business ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Income Tax Law

This paper estimates the effective tax rate on entrepreneurial income, defined as the return to an individual who starts a successful new business and then sells their interest once it becomes an established enterprise. The rate depends on both the tax imposed on the appreciation of the firm’s value during its growth phase and on the effects of the tax system on the value of equity in ongoing business enterprises. Under reasonable assumptions, this rate is lower than the rate the entrepreneur would pay on ordinary income. Preferential taxation of entrepreneurial income has consequences for both economic growth and income distribution.

scholarly journals Social Security Benefits Taxation: Issues And Present Status

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Ralph B. Fritzsch ◽  
Neal R. VanZante ◽  
Catherine Gaharan
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Current State ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
Social Security Benefits

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none;" class="MsoBodyText"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Taxation of Social Security benefits was introduced in 1983 as part of a general restructuring of Social Security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As part of the 1993 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, taxation of benefits was revised and expanded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inclusion of social security benefits as part of taxable income is determined by comparing a modification of adjusted gross income and half of social security benefits to threshold amounts established in each tax law. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike most amounts used to determine tax, the thresholds were not subject to indexation or revision. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This paper examines the current state of social security taxation in light of personal income changes, social security benefit revisions and federal income tax rate and bracket modifications that have taken place over the fourteen years since the last revision in taxation of benefits.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

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