Factors Associated with Companies' Choices of XBRL Implementation Strategies: Evidence from the U.S. Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-91
Author(s):  
Tien-Shih Hsieh ◽  
Zhihong Wang ◽  
Mohammad J. Abdolmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Disclosure Management ◽  
Contact Data ◽  
Perceived Helpfulness

ABSTRACT This study investigates factors associated with public companies' choices of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) implementation strategies. These strategies include Disclosure Management Solution (DMS) versus Stand-Alone Solution (SAS), and outsourcing versus in-house XBRL implementation. Using survey data provided by the Financial Executive Research Foundation, we find that perceived helpfulness of educational resources and perceived difficulties with companies' reporting review process are positively related to the use of DMS. Concerns about XBRL compliance and perceived difficulties with companies' accounting processes are inversely related to the use of DMS. Moreover, advanced XBRL knowledge and perceived helpfulness of XBRL guidance materials are negatively related to the outsourcing of XBRL implementation. Finally, concerns about XBRL compliance and earnings announcement time lags are positively associated with the outsourcing of XBRL implementation. Our results provide guidance for policymakers in developing XBRL implementation policies and for XBRL service providers in designing XBRL solutions for their clients. JEL Classifications: M41. Data Availability: Contact data sources identified in the paper.

Enhancing and Structuring the MD&A to Aid Investors when Using Interactive Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve G. Sutton ◽  
Vicky Arnold ◽  
Jean C. Bedard ◽  
Jillian R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Nonprofessional Investors ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Interactive Data

ABSTRACT In 2008, the SEC issued a mandate requiring the use of interactive tagged data (i.e., eXtensible Business Reporting Language, or XBRL) for all public companies' filings of their annual financial statements. However, the SEC put the mandates in place only for the financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC specifically excluded the use of interactive tagged data for most narrative aspects of annual reports, including Management's Discussion and Analysis (MD&A), deeming current taxonomies for interactive data tagging inadequate. This study leverages upon the efforts of the Enhanced Business Reporting Consortium (EBRC) to develop a more robust taxonomy for the MD&A. The EBRC effort consists of two parts: (1) expanding the scope of qualitative disclosures, and (2) integrating all of the interactive data tags used by companies during the voluntary disclosure period predating the SEC mandate into a comprehensive set of tags for existing MD&A disclosures. Of particular interest in this research is the first aspect of the EBRC effort—an analysis of professional and nonprofessional investors' perspectives on the value of proposed qualitative disclosures and areas in which such investors would desire additional disclosures. We conducted nine focus groups with professional and nonprofessional investors to elicit their information preferences, applying procedures consistent with the “information requirements definition” phase of systems design. Results show that participants are supportive of the EBRC's proposed 31 categories of qualitative disclosures, but also identify 15 additional categories as useful. We augment the focus groups with a survey of 286 investors to assess the relative value of the combined 46 categories. All 46 items appear to be desirable across investor participants. The results have implications for ongoing efforts to expand taxonomies for qualitative data disclosure and for standard-setters considering extensions to MD&A reporting requirements. Data Availability: Contact the corresponding author.

Factors Associated with U.S. Public Companies' Investment in Internal Auditing

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph V. Carcello ◽  
Dana R. Hermanson ◽  
K. Raghunandan
Keyword(s):  
Audit Committee ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Internal Auditing ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Operating Cash Flows

Internal auditing has been the focus of much attention in recent years. This study examines factors associated with U.S. public companies' investment in internal auditing. Data from a survey administered to Chief Audit Executives of midsized U.S. public companies were supplemented with publicly available data. Based on data from 217 companies, the results indicate that total internal audit budgets (inhouse plus outsourced portions) are related to several factors associated with company risk, ability to pay for monitoring, and auditing characteristics. Specifically, we find evidence that internal audit budgets are positively related to company size, leverage, financial, service, and utility industries, relative amount of inventory, operating cash flows, and audit committee review of the internal audit budget. Total internal audit budgets are negatively related to the percentage of internal auditing that is outsourced. This study contributes to our understanding of internal audit services, and it allows companies to benchmark their investment in internal auditing.

The Role of Economic Evaluation in Dissemination and Implementation Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Public Health Organizations ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation Research

This chapter presents an overview of how D&I research can be evaluated from an economic point of view. Dissemination and implementation imposes costs upon knowledge purveyors, provider organizations, public health organizations, and payers (including governments). However, whether these added costs will result in improved service delivery and, perhaps more importantly, client outcomes and improvements in population health remain as open questions. If emerging studies reveal that defined implementation strategies are more cost effective than “usual” implementation, then policymakers and service providers will need to resource these added costs of implementation in order to assure the success and sustainability of high-quality health services over the long term.

Improved Proofs Of Retrievability And Replication For Data Availability In Cloud Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Sujuan Qin ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Zhengping Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Forgery Attack ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Replication Scheme ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cloud Users ◽  
Proofs Of Retrievability

Abstract For a high level of data availability and reliability, a common strategy for cloud service providers is to rely on replication, i.e. storing several replicas onto different servers. To provide cloud users with a strong guarantee that all replicas required by them are actually stored, many multi-replica integrity auditing schemes were proposed. However, most existing solutions are not resource economical since users need to create and upload replicas of their files by themselves. A multi-replica solution called Mirror is presented to overcome the problems, but we find that it is vulnerable to storage saving attack, by which a dishonest provider can considerably save storage costs compared to the costs of storing all the replicas honestly—while still can pass any challenge successfully. In addition, we also find that Mirror is easily subject to substitution attack and forgery attack, which pose new security risks for cloud users. To address the problems, we propose some simple yet effective countermeasures and an improved proofs of retrievability and replication scheme, which can resist the aforesaid attacks and maintain the advantages of Mirror, such as economical bandwidth and efficient verification. Experimental results show that our scheme exhibits comparable performance with Mirror while achieving high security.

PCAOB Inspections and Large Accounting Firms

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan K. Church ◽  
Lori B. Shefchik
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Over Time

SYNOPSIS The purpose of this paper is to analyze the PCAOB's inspection reports of large, annually inspected accounting firms. The inspection reports identify audit deficiencies that have implications for audit quality. By examining the inspection reports in detail, we can identify the nature and severity of audit deficiencies; we can track the total number of deficiencies over time; and we can pinpoint common, recurring audit deficiencies. We focus on large accounting firms because they play a dominant role in the marketplace (i.e., they audit public companies that comprise approximately 99 percent of U.S.-based issuer market capitalization). We document a significant, downward linear trend in the number of deficiencies from 2004 to 2009. We also identify common, recurring audit deficiencies, determine the financial statement accounts most often impacted by audit deficiencies, and isolate the primary emphasis of the financial statement impacted. Our findings generally are consistent comparing Big 4 and second-tier accounting firms, though a few differences emerge. In addition, we make comparisons with findings that have been documented for small, triennially inspected firms. Data Availability: The data are available from public sources.

Factors associated with neck pain in fighter aircrew: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-107103
Author(s):  
James B Wallace ◽  
Phil M Newman ◽  
Aoife McGarvey ◽  
Peter G Osmotherly ◽  
Wayne Spratford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Computer Work ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Operational Capability ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Common Complaint ◽  
Meta Analyses

Neck pain is a common complaint among fighter aircrew, impacting workforce health and operational capability. This systematic review aimed to identify, evaluate and synthesise the current evidence for factors associated with the occurrence of neck pain among fighter aircrew. Six electronic databases were searched in June 2019 and updated in June 2020 utilising the maximum date ranges. Included studies were appraised for methodological quality, ranked according to level of evidence and relevant data extracted. Where methods were homogeneous and data availability allowed, meta-analyses were performed. A total of 20 studies (16 cross sectional, one case–control, one retrospective cohort and two prospective cohort) were eligible for inclusion. Of the 44 factors investigated, consistent evidence was reported for greater occurrence of neck pain among aircrew operating more advanced aircraft and those exposed to more desk/computer work, while another 12 factors reported consistent evidence for no association. Of the 20 factors where meta-analyses could be performed, greater occurrence of neck pain was indicated for aircrew: flying more advanced aircraft, undertaking warm-up stretching and not placing their head against the seat under greater +Gz. Despite many studies investigating factors associated with neck pain among fighter aircrew, methodological limitations limited the ability to identify those factors that are most important to future preventive programmes. High-quality prospective studies with consistent use of definitions are required before we can implement efficient and effective programmes to reduce the prevalence and impact of neck pain in fighter aircrew. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019128952.Neck pain is a common complaint among fighter aircrew, impacting workforce health and operational capability. This systematic review aimed to identify, evaluate and synthesise the current evidence for factors associated with the occurrence of neck pain among fighter aircrew.

A Field Study Examining the Indian Ministry of Corporate Affairs' XBRL Implementation

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Farewell ◽  
Lizhong Hao ◽  
Vinod Kashyap ◽  
Robert E. Pinsker
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Reporting Standard ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
Quality Certification ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Document Level

ABSTRACT The eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) represents an electronic reporting standard that has gained global prominence. Yet, almost all XBRL academic research has focused on the Securities and Exchange Commission's mandate with little attention to international regulator XBRL mandates and how the consequent implementations have directly impacted the accounting profession. Accordingly, our field study describes India's Ministry of Corporate Affairs' (MCA) XBRL implementation. The MCA scenario is unique, because it is the first mandatory XBRL implementation that also requires accountant certification, thus increasing the demands placed on accountants. We first report the MCA's underlying motivations and summarize their perceived benefits. Next, we examine the taxonomy and relevant documentation, investigate a sample of 15 filings, and conduct semi-structured interviews with certifying accountants of the 15 filings. Our analysis shows 219 errors post-certification, 190 from company secretaries, which can be classified into four categories and nine subcategories. Additionally, results indicate confusion with regard to XBRL validation, architectural flaws in the taxonomy and a consequent lack of taxonomy understanding, no additional procedures undertaken when certifying accountants detect errors, and a lack of incentive to provide quality certification. In light of the extant literature, we suggest the MCA change its focus from document-level certification to data-level assurance. Our findings serve to advance the evolving XBRL assurance research. Data Availability: Data used are proprietary.

Direct-Service Providers and Burnout

1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Streepy
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Direct Service ◽  
Family Service ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Direct Service Providers ◽  
Family Service Agencies ◽  
Service Agencies

A study designed to investigate the incidence of worker burnout examined worker, client, job, and agency characteristics in twelve family service agencies. Emphasis was placed on identifying factors associated with burnout so that steps can be devised to work toward its prevention or elimination.

PPHA-Popularity Prediction Based High Data Availability for Multimedia Data Center

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Kuo-Chi Fang ◽  
Husnu S. Narman ◽  
Ibrahim Hussein Mwinyi ◽  
Wook-Sung Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Data Center Management ◽  
Popularity Prediction ◽  
Data Objects

Due to the growth of internet-connected devices and extensive data analysis applications in recent years, cloud computing systems are largely utilized. Because of high utilization of cloud storage systems, the demand for data center management has been increased. There are several crucial requirements of data center management, such as increase data availability, enhance durability, and decrease latency. In previous works, a replication technique is mostly used to answer those needs according to consistency requirements. However, most of the works consider full data, popular data, and geo-distance-based replications by considering storage and replication cost. Moreover, the previous data popularity based-techniques rely on the historical and current data access frequencies for replication. In this article, the authors approach this problem from a distinct aspect while developing replication techniques for a multimedia data center management system which can dynamically adapt servers of a data center by considering popularity prediction in each data access location. Therefore, they first label data objects from one to ten to track access frequencies of data objects. Then, they use those data access frequencies from each location to predict the future access frequencies of data objects to determine the replication levels and locations to replicate the data objects, and store the related data objects to close storage servers. To show the efficiency of the proposed methods, the authors conduct an extensive simulation by using real data. The results show that the proposed method has an advantage over the previous works in terms of data availability and increases the data availability up to 50%. The proposed method and related analysis can assist multimedia service providers to enhance their service qualities.

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