Mood Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 136 references.

Mood Disorders

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 135 references.

Mood Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 136 references.

Mood Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 136 references.

Temperament as a basic element of bipolar spectrum and subthreshold manifestations

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 215-215
Author(s):  
D. Harnic ◽  
A. Koukopoulos ◽  
M. Mazza ◽  
P. Bria
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Everyday Clinical Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

ObjectivesTemperament represents one of the basic elements of bipolar spectrum.MethodsA systematic search was undertaken in MEDLINE (from 1977 to 2007) to obtain articles published in English regarding the association of temperament and bipolar disorder. Keywords used were “temperament”, “bipolar disorder”, “assessment”, “bipolar spectrum”, “subthreshold”.ResultsIn opposition to the dichotomic conception which up to the end of XIX century considered mania and depression as two distinct and separate categories, Kraepelin has postulated a psychopathological “continuum” between temperament and affective disorders called “bipolar spectrum”. This concept has been reintroduced in contemporary psychiatry by Akiskal's works. By rebuilding the history of patients affected by bipolar disorder, temperamental traits can be already observed in the pre-morbid period and can also persist during disorder-free intervals.ConclusionsBy interpreting and diagnosing multiple expressions of bipolar spectrum, psychiatrists today are facing one of the most important challenges in everyday clinical practice. The temperamental “dysregulation” is the pathological basis of mood disorders and some temperamental traits in individuals can reflect a predisposition to develop a mood disorder.

Mood (Affective) Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-60
Author(s):  
Carol S. North ◽  
Sean H. Yutzy
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Manic Episode ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Mood Depression

Descriptions of mood disorders go back to the time of Hippocrates. Mood disorders are primarily characterized by depressed and/or elevated (manic) moods. The essential feature of mood disorders is an episode that is a distinct and persistent change from a person’s typical mood (depression or mania), accompanied by other depressive and manic symptoms, lasting 2 weeks for a major depressive episode and 1 week for a manic episode. Such episodes typically remit and recur over the course of time. Manic episodes define bipolar disorder. Severe depression without manic episodes is diagnosed as major depressive disorder. Mood disorders present a 10- to 30-fold risk for suicide. Effective treatments for mood disorders include medications, brain stimulation modalities, and psychotherapy.

scholarly journals Use of social media and online dating among individuals with a history of affective disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Klara F. K. Rydahl ◽  
René B. K. Brund ◽  
Clara R. Medici ◽  
Vibeke Hansen ◽  
Krista N. Straarup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Abstract Objectives: To investigate how individuals with a history of affective disorder use and perceive their use of social media and online dating. Methods: A questionnaire focusing on affective disorders and the use of social media and online dating was handed out to outpatients from unipolar depression and bipolar disorder clinics and general practice patients with or without a history of affective disorders (latter as controls). The association between affective disorders and use of social media and online dating was analysed using linear/logistic regression. Results: A total of 194 individuals with a history of unipolar depression, 124 individuals with a history of bipolar disorder and 196 controls were included in the analysis. Having a history of unipolar depression or bipolar disorder was not associated with the time spent on social media compared with controls. Using the controls as reference, having a history bipolar disorder was associated with use of online dating (adjusted odds ratio: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3; 3.7)). The use of social media and online dating had a mood-congruent pattern with decreased and more passive use during depressive episodes, and increased and more active use during hypomanic/manic episodes. Among the respondents with a history of affective disorder, 51% reported that social media use had an aggravating effect on symptoms during mood episodes, while 10% reported a beneficial effect. For online dating, the equivalent proportions were 49% (aggravation) and 20% (benefit), respectively. Conclusion: The use of social media and online dating seems related to symptom deterioration among individuals with affective disorder.

scholarly journals Unrecognised bipolar disorder in primary care patients with depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Smith ◽  
Emily Griffiths ◽  
Mark Kelly ◽  
Kerry Hood ◽  
Nick Craddock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Care Patients

BackgroundBipolar disorder is complex and can be difficult to diagnose. It is often misdiagnosed as recurrent major depressive disorder.AimsWe had three main aims. To estimate the proportion of primary care patients with a working diagnosis of unipolar depression who satisfy DSM–IV criteria for bipolar disorder. To test two screening instruments for bipolar disorder (the Hypomania Checklist (HCL–32) and Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS)) within a primary care sample. To assess whether individuals with major depressive disorder with subthreshold manic symptoms differ from those individuals with major depressive disorder but with no or little history of manic symptoms in terms of clinical course, psychosocial functioning and quality of life.MethodTwo-phase screening study in primary care.ResultsThree estimates of the prevalence of undiagnosed bipolar disorder were obtained: 21.6%, 9.6% and 3.3%. The HCL–32 and BSDS questionnaires had quite low positive predictive values (50.0 and 30.1% respectively). Participants with major depressive disorder and with a history of subthreshold manic symptoms differed from those participants with no or little history of manic symptoms on several clinical features and on measures of both psychosocial functioning and quality of life.ConclusionsBetween 3.3 and 21.6% of primary care patients with unipolar depression may have an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. The HCL–32 and BSDS screening questionnaires may be more useful for detecting broader definitions of bipolar disorder than DSM–IV-defined bipolar disorder. Subdiagnostic features of bipolar disorder are relatively common in primary care patients with unipolar depression and are associated with a more morbid course of illness. Future classifications of recurrent depression should include dimensional measures of bipolar symptoms.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomical studies on bipolar disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S41) ◽  
pp. s142-s147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Baumann ◽  
Bernhard Bogerts
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses

BackgroundNeuroimaging data showing structural and functional brain abnormalities in mood disorders suggest that brain alterations at the neurohistological level may underlie the macropathology seen by imaging in vivo.AimsTo summarise recent post-mortem studies on affective disorders, with a focus on bipolar disorder.MethodLiterature review and discussion of results from volumetric, cyto-architectural and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsBasal ganglia are smaller in patients with depression irrespective of diagnostic polarity. In addition, higher neuron numbers have been reported in the locus caeruleus of patients with bipolar disorder compared with those with unipolar depression. Patients with bipolar as well as unipolar illness show subtle structural deficits in the dorsal raphe. Histological data are consistent with a regional reduction in the synthesis of noradrenalin and serotonin, which appears to be compensated by antidepressants.ConclusionPreliminary results suggest that, aside from functional dysregulation, subtle structural abnormalities in the brain may contribute to the pathogenesis of mood disorders.

scholarly journals A History of Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder is Associated With Gray Matter Volume Reduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Johan Ekman ◽  
Predrag Petrovic ◽  
Anette G. M. Johansson ◽  
Carl Sellgren ◽  
Martin Ingvar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
History Of

Thought overactivation as a marker of bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s222-s223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferrari ◽  
P. Ossola ◽  
V. Lucarini ◽  
V. Accardi ◽  
C. De Panfilis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Bipolar Patients

IntroductionRecent studies have underlined the importance of considering the form of thoughts, beyond their content, in order to achieve a better phenomenological comprehension of mental states in mood disorders. The subjective experience of thought overactivation is an important feature of mood disorders that could help in identifying, among patients with a depressive episode, those who belong to the bipolar spectrum.ObjectivesPatients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) were compared with matched healthy controls (HC) on a scale that evaluates thought overactivation.AimsValidate the Italian version of a scale for thought overactivation (i.e. STOQ) in a sample of bipolar patients.MethodsThirty euthymic BD and 30 HC completed the Subjective Thought Overactivation Questionnaire (STOQ), the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and global functioning (VGF).ResultsThe 9-items version of the STOQ has been back translated and its internal consistency in this sample was satisfactory (alpha = .91). Both the brooding subscore of RRS (b-RRS) (r = .706; P < .001) and STOQ (r = .664; P < .001) correlate significantly with depressive symptoms whereas only the first correlate with VGF (r = –.801; P < .001). The two groups did not differed in the b-RRS (HC = 8.41 vs BD = 9.72; P = .21), whereas BD where significantly higher in the STOQ total score (HC = 6.62 vs. BD = 14.9; P = .007).ConclusionOur results, although limited by the small sample size, confirm the validity of the STOQ and suggest that this scale could grasp a feature characteristic of BD, independently from their tendency to ruminate. The latter seems to impact more on global functioning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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