scholarly journals Risk Factors for Longitudinal Resting Heart Rate and Its Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Keshavarzi ◽  
Barbara H. Braffett ◽  
Rodica Pop-Busui ◽  
Trevor J. Orchard ◽  
Elsayed Z. Soliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significant Group

<b>Background:</b> Individuals with diabetes have higher resting heart rate compared to those without, which may predict long-term cardiovascular (CVD) risk. Using data from the DCCT/EDIC study, we evaluated whether the beneficial effect of intensive vs. conventional diabetes therapy on heart rate persisted, the factors mediating the differences in heart rate between treatment groups, and the effects of heart rate on future CVD risk. <p><b>Research Design and Methods:</b> Longitudinal changes in heart rate, from annual electrocardiograms over 22 years of EDIC follow-up, were evaluated in 1402 participants with type 1 diabetes. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of DCCT treatment group on mean heart rate over time and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of heart rate on CVD risk during DCCT/EDIC. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> At DCCT closeout, participants were 33±7 years old, 52% male, diabetes duration 12±5 years, and HbA1c 7.4±1.2% (intensive) and 9.1±1.6% (conventional). Through EDIC, participants in the intensive group had significantly lower heart rate compared to the conventional group. While significant group differences in heart rate were fully attenuated by DCCT/EDIC mean HbA1c, higher heart rate predicted CVD and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) independent of other risk factors.<i> </i></p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> After 22 years of follow-up, former intensive vs. conventional therapy remained significantly associated with lower heart rate, consistent with the long-term beneficial effects of intensive therapy on CVD. DCCT treatment group effects on heart rate were explained by differences in DCCT/EDIC mean HbA1c.</p>

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Longitudinal Resting Heart Rate and Its Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Keshavarzi ◽  
Barbara H. Braffett ◽  
Rodica Pop-Busui ◽  
Trevor J. Orchard ◽  
Elsayed Z. Soliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significant Group

<b>Background:</b> Individuals with diabetes have higher resting heart rate compared to those without, which may predict long-term cardiovascular (CVD) risk. Using data from the DCCT/EDIC study, we evaluated whether the beneficial effect of intensive vs. conventional diabetes therapy on heart rate persisted, the factors mediating the differences in heart rate between treatment groups, and the effects of heart rate on future CVD risk. <p><b>Research Design and Methods:</b> Longitudinal changes in heart rate, from annual electrocardiograms over 22 years of EDIC follow-up, were evaluated in 1402 participants with type 1 diabetes. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of DCCT treatment group on mean heart rate over time and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of heart rate on CVD risk during DCCT/EDIC. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> At DCCT closeout, participants were 33±7 years old, 52% male, diabetes duration 12±5 years, and HbA1c 7.4±1.2% (intensive) and 9.1±1.6% (conventional). Through EDIC, participants in the intensive group had significantly lower heart rate compared to the conventional group. While significant group differences in heart rate were fully attenuated by DCCT/EDIC mean HbA1c, higher heart rate predicted CVD and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) independent of other risk factors.<i> </i></p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> After 22 years of follow-up, former intensive vs. conventional therapy remained significantly associated with lower heart rate, consistent with the long-term beneficial effects of intensive therapy on CVD. DCCT treatment group effects on heart rate were explained by differences in DCCT/EDIC mean HbA1c.</p>

Abstract P367: Association Between Resting Heart Rate and Progression of Valvular Calcification

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Amoakwa ◽  
Oluwaseun E Fashanu ◽  
Martin Tibuakuu ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Eliseo Guallar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Computed Tomography ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Annual Change ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Valvular Calcification

Background: Mitral annular calcification (MAC) and aortic valvular calcification (AVC) are progressive and linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Few known modifiable risk factors associated with the progression of MAC and AVC exist. Resting heart rate (RHR) is an established independent risk factor for CVD. Due to the potential hemodynamic effects of RHR on development or progression of valve calcification, we assessed whether RHR is associated with the incidence and progression of MAC and AVC in a community-based cohort free of CVD and atrial fibrillation at baseline. Methods: We obtained RHR from baseline 12-lead electrocardiograms of 5,498 MESA cohort participants. We studied RHR as a continuous variable (per 1 SD increment) and also categorized at clinical cut points of < 60, 60 - 69, 70 - 79, and ≥ 80 bpm. MAC and AVC were quantified (using Agatston scoring) from cardiac computed tomography scans obtained at baseline and at follow-up examinations 2 or 3. We examined associations between RHR and incident MAC/AVC and annual change in MAC/AVC scores, after adjusting for demographics, CVD risk factors, physical activity, and atrioventricular nodal blocker medication use. We used progressively adjusted parametric survival models for incident MAC/AVC and linear regression models for annual change in MAC/AVC. Results: At baseline, participants had a mean age of 62±10 years and mean RHR of 63±10 bpm; 12.3% and 8.9% had prevalent AVC and MAC [Agatston Units (AU) >0], respectively. Over a median follow up time of 2.3 years, 4.1% and 4.5% developed incident AVC and MAC, respectively. Each 10 bpm higher RHR was significantly associated with incident MAC [Hazard Ratio 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.36)], but not incident AVC. However, RHR (per 10 bpm) was associated with AVC progression [β coeff 1.62 (0.45-2.80) AU/year], but not MAC progression. The association of RHR on annual change in AVC was modified by age and sex (p-interactions 0.006 and <0.02, respectively) but not race/ethnicity. Each 10 bpm higher RHR was significantly associated with AVC progression for age > 62 years [β coeff 2.94 (0.55, 5.34) AU/year] and male sex [3.49 (1.31, 5.67) AU/year]. The association between RHR and AVC progression was not significant for age ≤ 62 or female sex. Similar trends were seen using clinical cut-points for RHR. Conclusion: Higher RHR predicted incident MAC and AVC progression independent of traditional CVD risk factors. Future studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal and whether modification of RHR through lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions can reduce valvular calcium progression.

scholarly journals Tumor-necrosis Factor Inhibitors Improve Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Longstanding Rheumatoid Arthritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Giollo ◽  
Giovanni Cioffi ◽  
Federica Ognibeni ◽  
Giovanni Orsolini ◽  
Andrea Dalbeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Aortic Stiffness ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background. Major cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) therapy occur in early RA patients with treat-to-target strategy. However, it is unknown whether long-term DMARDs treatment in established RA could be useful to improve CVD risk profile.Methods. Ultrasound aortic stiffness index (AoSI) has to be considered a proxy outcome measure in established RA patients. We measured AoSI in a group of RA patients on long-term treatment with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) or conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs). Eligible participants were assessed at baseline and after 12 months; changes in serum lipids, glucose and arterial blood pressure were assessed. All patients were on stable medications during the entire follow-up. Results. We included 107 (64 TNFi and 43 csDMARDs) RA patients. Most patients (74%) were in remission or low disease activity and had some CVD risk factors (45.8% hypertension, 59.8% dyslipidemia, 45.3% smoking). The two groups did not differ significantly for baseline AoSI (5.95±3.73% vs 6.08±4.20%, p=0.867). Follow-up AoSI was significantly increased from baseline in the csDMARDs group (+1.00%; p<0.0001) but not in the TNFi group (+0.15%, p=0.477). Patients on TNFi had significantly lower follow-up AoSI from baseline than the csDMARD group (-1.02%, p<0.001; ANCOVA corrected for baseline AoSI, age and systolic blood pressure). Furthermore, follow-up AoSI was significantly lower in TNFi users with 1-2 or >2 CVD risk factors than in those without. Conclusion. Long-term treatment with TNFi was associated with reduced aortic stiffness in patients with established RA and several CVD risk factors.

scholarly journals QTc interval and resting heart rate as long-term predictors of mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 23-year follow-up

Diabetologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Stettler ◽  
A. Bearth ◽  
S. Allemann ◽  
M. Zwahlen ◽  
L. Zanchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Resting Heart Rate

scholarly journals Classic Cardiovascular Risk Factors improve in Very Elderly Hypopituitary Patients Treated on Standard Hormone Replacement in Long Term Follow- Up.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Naves Rosa ◽  
Alexandre Anderson de Souza Munhoz Soares ◽  
Marcelo Palmeira Rodrigues ◽  
Luciana Ansaneli Naves
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract BackgroundHypopituitarism in the elderly population is an underdiagnosed condition and may increase comorbidities related to glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk factors. Optimization of hormone replacement take into account alterations in clearence rates of hormones, interaction with other medications, and evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio of treatment is a big challenge for clinical practice. ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate classic cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitary septuagenarians and octagenarians by diagnosis and after long-term hormone replacement.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study, and patients were recruited and selected from a registry in a tertiary medical center. We included patients aged from 70-99 years with hypopituitarism, evaluated hormonal and biochemical parameters, cardiovascular risk scores were calculated by diagnosis and compared after long-term follow-up. All patients signed informed consent. Patients' data were compared to a sex and age-matched control group, with long-term geriatric follow up, without endocrine diseases.ResultsThirty-five patients were included, 16 patients aged 70-75 years (72.61), 12 patients 76-80 years (72.28), 7 patients 81-99 years (89.28). Pituitary macroadenomas were the main cause of hypopituitarism, mean maximal diameter 3.4 cm (2.9- 4.3), and invasive craniopharyngiomas. At the moment of diagnosis, most patients were overweight, and abdominal adiposity was observed in 76.9% of women and 36.4% of men, mostly in octagenarians and nonagenarians. Co-morbidities were frequent, 85.7% presented Hypertension, 37.1% Diabetes, 53.1% low HDL, 51.5% hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients presented more than two combined pituitary deficiencies, hypogonadism in 88.6%, central hypothyroidism 82.9%, GH deficiency in 65.7%, and adrenal insufficiency in 25.7%. Analysis of cardiovascular risk prediction in the total cohort showed that 57.1% of patients presented a reduction in the General Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Prediction Score and 45.7% in atherosclerotic CVD risk estimated by ACC/AHA 2013 Pooled Cohort Equation, despite being submitted to conventional hormone replacement, during the meantime follow up pf 14.5 years. This reduction was not observed in the control group.Discussion and ConclusionIn this study, aged hypopituitary patients presented a reduction in estimated general CVD risk during long-term follow-up, despite replacement with corticosteroids, levothyroxine, or gonadal steroids. The early diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism in the elderly remain challenging. Larger studies should be performed to assess the risk-benefit ratio of hormone replacement in the metabolic profile in septuagenarian and octogenarian patients.

scholarly journals Classic cardiovascular risk factors improve in very elderly hypopituitary patients treated on standard hormone replacement in long term follow- up

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Naves Rosa ◽  
Alexandre Anderson de Sousa Munhoz Soares ◽  
Marcelo Palmeira Rodrigues ◽  
Luciana Ansaneli Naves
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Background Hypopituitarism in the elderly population is an underdiagnosed condition and may increase comorbidities related to glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk factors. Optimization of hormone replacement that considers alterations in clearance rates of hormones, interaction with other medications, and evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio of treatment is a big challenge for clinical practice. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate classic cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitary septuagenarians and octagenarians by diagnosis and after long-term hormone replacement. Methods This is a retrospective observational study, with patients recruited and selected from a registry in a tertiary medical center. We included patients aged 70–99 years with hypopituitarism, evaluated hormonal and biochemical parameters, and cardiovascular risk scores were calculated by diagnosis and compared after long-term follow-up. All patients gave informed consent. Patient data were compared to a sex and age-matched control group, with long-term geriatric follow-up, without endocrine diseases. Results Thirty-five patients were included, 16 patients aged 70–75 years (72.61), 12 patients 76–80 years (72.28), 7 patients 81–99 years (89.28). Pituitary macroadenomas were the main cause of hypopituitarism, mean maximal diameter 3.4 cm (2.9–4.3), and invasive craniopharyngiomas. At the moment of diagnosis, most patients were overweight, and abdominal adiposity was observed in 76.9% of women and 36.4% of men, primarily in octagenarians and nonagenarians. Comorbidities were frequent; 85.7% presented hypertension, 37.1% diabetes, 53.1% low HDL, 51.5% hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients presented more than two combined pituitary deficiencies; hypogonadism in 88.6%, central hypothyroidism in 82.9%, GH deficiency in 65.7%, and adrenal insufficiency in 25.7%. Analysis of cardiovascular risk prediction in the total cohort showed that 57.1% of patients presented a reduction in the General Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Prediction Score and 45.7% in atherosclerotic CVD risk estimated by ACC/AHA 2013 Pooled Cohort Equation, despite being submitted to conventional hormone replacement, during the mean follow-up of 14.5 years. This reduction was not observed in the control group. Discussion and conclusion In this study, aged hypopituitary patients presented a reduction in estimated general CVD risk during long-term follow-up, despite replacement with corticosteroids, levothyroxine, or gonadal steroids. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism in the elderly remain challenging. Larger studies should be performed to assess the risk-benefit ratio of hormone replacement on the metabolic profile in septuagenarian and octogenarian patients.

scholarly journals Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244018
Author(s):  
Jason M. Nagata ◽  
Kyle T. Ganson ◽  
Mitchell L. Cunningham ◽  
Deborah Mitchison ◽  
Jason M. Lavender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prospective Association

Background Legal performance-enhancing substances (PES), such as creatine, are commonly used by adolescents and young adults. As PES are mostly unregulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, there has been limited empirical attention devoted to examining their long-term safety and health outcomes. Preliminary studies have demonstrated associations between PES use and severe medical events, including hospitalizations and death. PES could be linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of mortality in the US, by altering the myocardium, vasculature, or metabolism. The objective of this study was to examine prospective associations between the use of legal PES in young adulthood and CVD risk factors at seven-year follow-up. Materials and methods Nationally representative longitudinal cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Waves III (2001–2002) and IV (2008), were analyzed. Regression models determined the prospective association between the use of legal PES (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), adjusting for relevant covariates. Results Among the diverse sample of 11,996 male and female participants, no significant differences by PES use in body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia were noted at Wave III. In unadjusted comparisons, legal PES users (versus non-users) were more likely to be White, be male, be college educated, drink alcohol, and engage in weightlifting, exercise, individual sports, team sports, and other strength training. There were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use at Wave III and body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) deciles at seven-year follow-up (Wave IV), adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk factors. Similarly, there were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use and diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia based on objective measures or self-reported medications and diagnoses, adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk. Conclusions We do not find evidence for a prospective association between legal PES use and CVD risk factors in young adults over seven years of follow-up, including BMI, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. It should be noted that legal PES use was operationalized dichotomously and as one broad category, which did not account for frequency, amount, or duration of use. Given the lack of regulation and clinical trials data, observational studies can provide much needed data to inform the safety and long-term health associations of legal PES use and, in turn, inform clinical guidance and policy.

scholarly journals Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors reduce aortic stiffness progression in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Giollo ◽  
Giovanni Cioffi ◽  
Federica Ognibeni ◽  
Giovanni Orsolini ◽  
Andrea Dalbeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Aortic Stiffness ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background Aortic stiffness index (AoSI) has to be considered a proxy outcome measure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to comparatively describe AoSI progression in two groups of RA patients on long-term treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) with or without tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Methods AoSI was evaluated by Doppler echocardiography at the level of the aortic root, using a two-dimensional guided M-mode evaluation. Eligible participants were assessed at baseline and after 12 months. Changes in serum lipids, glucose and arterial blood pressure were assessed. All patients who did not change DMARD treatment during follow-up were consecutively selected for this study. Results We included 107 (64 TNFi and 43 csDMARDs) RA patients. Most patients (74%) were in remission or low disease activity and had some CVD risk factors (45.8% hypertension, 59.8% dyslipidaemia, 45.3% smoking). The two groups did not differ significantly for baseline AoSI (5.95±3.73% vs 6.08±4.20%, p=0.867). Follow-up AoSI was significantly increased from baseline in the csDMARDs group (+1.00%; p<0.0001) but not in the TNFi group (+0.15%, p=0.477). Patients on TNFi had significantly lower follow-up AoSI from baseline than the csDMARDs group (−1.02%, p<0.001; ANCOVA corrected for baseline AoSI, age and systolic blood pressure). Furthermore, follow-up AoSI was significantly lower in TNFi than in csDMARDs users with an increasing number of CVD risk factors. Conclusion Long-term treatment with TNFi was associated with reduced aortic stiffness progression in patients with established RA and several CVD risk factors.

Abstract P013: Elevated Resting Heart Rate in Mid-Life is Associated With Cognitive Change Over 20-years: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Z Wang ◽  
Oluwaseun E Fashanu ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Eliseo Guallar ◽  
Rebecca F Gottesman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Cvd Risk

Background: Resting heart rate (RHR) is an easily measured marker that is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. There are several potential mechanisms by which RHR could affect cognitive function, but little is known about the relation of RHR and cognitive decline. We examined the association of RHR with 20 year cognitive decline in a community-based cohort. Methods: We studied 13,720 middle-aged white and black participants without a prior history of stroke or atrial fibrillation. RHR was obtained from a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram at baseline (1990-1992). Cognitive testing was measured at baseline and at up to two additional visits (1996-1998 and 2011-2013). A 3-test combined cognitive score was summed from these tests: delayed word recall, digit symbol substitution and word fluency. RHR was categorized into groups as < 60 (reference), 60-69, 70-79 and ≥80 bpm. We examined the association of RHR with cognitive decline using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, CVD risk factors, and AV nodal blockade use. ApoE genotype was included as a possible predictor. Imputation methods were used to account for attrition over follow-up. Results: Mean (SD) age of participants at baseline was 58 (6) years; 56% were women, 24% black. Average (SD) RHR was 66 (10) bpm, with RHR distribution: <60 (28%), 60-69 (40%), 70-79 (23%), >80 (9%) bpm. Over a mean follow-up of 20 years, participants in each RHR group exhibited cognitive decline (Table Part A). However, there was relatively greater global cognitive decline for those with RHR 70-79 and >80 bpm compared to <60 bpm (Part B). Results were consistent when excluding participants on AV nodal blockade medications. Conclusion: Elevated RHR is independently associated with greater cognitive decline over 20 years. Further studies are needed to determine whether the association is causal or secondary to another underlying process. If causal, future studies can determine whether modification of RHR can reduce cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Resting Heart Rate and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results from a 10-Year Follow-Up of the CORFCHD-PCI Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Ying Zheng ◽  
Ting-Ting Wu ◽  
You Chen ◽  
Xian-Geng Hou ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary

Background. The relationship between heart rate in CAD patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and had long-term outcomes over up to 10 years of follow-up has not been investigated. Methods. All patients were from the CORFCHD-PCI, a retrospective cohort study that included a total of 6050 CAD patients who underwent PCI from January 2008 to December 2016. One patient was excluded due to a lack of heart rate data. Ultimately, 6049 patients were enrolled. The primary outcome was long-term mortality after PCI. Results. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to heart rate quintiles: 1st quintile (heart rate <66 beats/min; n=1123), 2nd quintile (heart rate ≥66 beats/min to 72 beats/min; n=1010), 3rd quintile (heart rate ≥72 beats/min to 78 beats/min; n=1442), 4th quintile (heart rate ≥78 beats/min to 84 beats/min; n=1211), and 5th quintile (heart rate ≥84 beats/min; n=1263). After multivariate Cox regression analyses, the respective risks of ACM, CM, and MACEs were increased 79.1% (hazard risk (HR) = 1.791, 95% CI: 1.207–2.657, P=0.004), 56.9% (HR = 1.569, 95% CI: 1.019–2.416, P=0.041), and 25.5% (HR = 1.255, 95% CI: 0.990–1.590, P=0.060) in the 4th quintile and 98.7% (HR = 1.987, 95% CI: 1.344–2.937, P=0.001), 98.8% (HR = 1.988, 95% CI: 1.310–3.016, P<0.001), and 0.36.1% (HR = 1.361, 95% CI: 1.071–1.730, P=0.012) in the 5th quintile compared with those in the 1st quintile. Patients with a heart rate of ≥80 beats/min had 89.4%, 115.2%, and 39.1% increased risk of ACM, CM, and MACEs, respectively, compared to those patients with a heart rate of <80 beats/min. Conclusion. The present study indicated that the resting heart rate is an independent predictor of adverse long-term outcomes in CAD patients who underwent PCI.

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